The Ethics of Genetic Testing Essay - 3518 Words

The Ethics of Genetic Testing The Goal of the Human Genome Project is to obtain genetic mapping information and to determine the complete sequence of all human DNA by the year of 2005. The project started in 1990 and 180 million dollars are being spent on it annually. This adds up to a total of over 2 billion dollars for the 15 year budget. Of this 2 billion dollars budgeted, 5% is spent annually on the ethical, legal and social issues. This report focused on some of these issues. Before discussion of the ethical, legal and social issues can be successful, some background information is needed. For example, why is the goal of mapping the human genome important? Who is going to benefit or at least be affected by this new†¦show more content†¦In the second type of disease, the person can have regular checkups to increase the likelihood of an early diagnosis and therefore start early treatment. In both cases, the persons suffering and societys expenses can likely be reduced. Generally, early detection increases the likelihood of successful treatment which in turn is likely less expensive than the development of a full-blown disease. With this said, I found a contradiction in Business Week magazine that showed the costs of screening for cystic fibrosis created more of an expense than treating the disease (Krohn, 1995). It stated that the estimated lifetime medical costs for someone with CF is around $200,000 whereas the cost of each test was more than $20 0. This calculation puts the cost of avoiding one CF birth at more than 1 million dollars. David Magnus brings up the broader issue of allocation. In an article entitled Gene Therapy and the Concept of Genetic Disease he writes: consideration of the main causes of death, including cancer, leave open the possibility that emphasis on gene therapies is not the best allocation of resources. An estimated 50% of all deaths in the U.S. in 1990 were due to preventable causes. Ethical, Social, Legal Issues: The ethical, social, and legal issues that are predicted to arise are many. Some of these issues have already begun to be studied while others have yet to be addressed. The following are broad topics with a listing ofShow MoreRelatedThe Ethics Of Genetic Testing1294 Words   |  6 PagesGenetic testing is a relatively new and rapidly emerging field. Even though this science was seen as controversial, genetic testing has been going on for conditions such as phenylketonuria and sickle cell disease for years. The increase in genetic testing has resulted in the convergence of public health, morals and ethics. Many ethics related issues arise with genetic testing, as well of fear that insurance companies will not reimburse such services. Many moral and ethical obligations appear withRead MoreEthics at the Beginning of Life: Prenatal Genetic Testing3950 Words   |  16 PagesEthics at the Beginning of Life: Prenatal Genetic Testing Lauren Delucca Linda Field Despain Cynthia Ventura-Lippert Submitted to Dr. Mark Jumper in partial fulfillment of HCE430, Health Care Ethics Regis University October 13, 2012 Prenatal Genetic Testing Prenatal testing and genetic testing developed hand in hand. Many genes, the basic unit of heredity, are now known through the human genome project (Pence, 2011, pp. 273-274). Genetic testing can identify theRead MoreEthics And The Field Of Healthcare1542 Words   |  7 PagesEthical Issues Related to Genetics in Nursing Genetic research is imperative to the field of healthcare. Genetic research enables healthcare providers to have a better understanding of many genetic diseases and the components of those diseases. This research aids in early detection, prevention, treatments, and sometimes cures. Without the use of genetic research, healthcare would be at a standstill. Genetic and genome healthcare is a powerful tool. As with anything powerful, it often puts theRead MoreEssay Genetic Testing - Are the Benefits Worth the Risks?1585 Words   |  7 PagesGenetic Testing - Are the Benefits Worth the Risks? In 2001 The Human Genome Project was completed giving us the make up of the entire human genome. Science can now tell what color your eyes are, what gender you are, and what diseases you have just by extracting one strand of DNA. The question I propose to you now is; do you really want to know? Is it a good thing to know that you will get a disease that will eat away your mind, and cripple you till you wither away at the early age of 43 (HuntingtonRead MoreE-Health and Commercial Genetic Testing1041 Words   |  5 PagesCase #1 Business Ethics Case Studies: e-Health and Commercial Genetic Testing Veritas Diagnostics is a medical diagnostics company specializing in adult genetic susceptibility testing for a range of heritable and complex genetic conditions. Their main business involves testing for the mutations associated with cystic fibrosis, hereditary kidney disease, as well as breast, ovarian and colorectal cancer. They have a well-staffed, well-run, sophisticated genetics laboratory capable ofRead MoreArguments For and Against Testing Childrens Genetics Essay617 Words   |  3 Pages The diseases that exist in our world are enough to make medicine and testing the only option of hope in times of need. People grow up happy and healthy, only to be diagnosed, in their middle age, with an adult-onset disease. These diseases only become a burden as the victim gets older. Some commonly known ones are Alzheimer’s or Huntington’s disease. There is no cure or treatment for adult-onset diseases like this. Knowing that the victims have these diseases written in their DNA from the momentRead MoreThe Dna Mystique Looks Into The Power Of The Gene918 Words   |  4 Pagesthrough genetic essentialism. According to Nelkin and Lindee genetic essentialism â€Å"reduces the self to a molecular entity, equating human beings, in all their social, historical, and moral complexity, with their genesâ⠂¬  (p. 337). DNA is used as a way to define the individual’s true self and understand the evolution of a person’s identity. Nelkin and Lindee discuss the intersection of science and popular culture to shape the cultural meaning of the gene (p. 338). They lay out a timeline of genetic mappingRead MoreCracking Your Genetic Code: A Review of Genetic Testing1538 Words   |  7 PagesCracking Your Genetic Code: A Review of Genetic Testing In Gattaca, the plot focuses on the ethics, the risks, and the emotional impact of genetic testing in the nearby future. The film was released in the 90s; yet in the present, the film does not give the impression of science fiction. Today, genetic testing is prevalent in many aspects of the scientific community. This paper will describe genetic testing, its purpose, diagnostic techniques that use genetic testing, relating Huntington’s diseaseRead MoreThe Human Genome Project A Go Or No?1319 Words   |  6 Pageswill have certain genetic diseases, cancers or any health conditions that will impair the child’s life. This is possible due to the testing of the human gene. The benefits of testing the fetus are plentiful, but others argue these tests can be a hindrance to some. The pro testing side argues it improves the lives of human population, reduces disease, creates new medications and gives a better understanding of humans. The other side argues about the ethics of p racticing the testing of genes, privacyRead MorePrenatal Genetic Testing Should Be Allowed1569 Words   |  7 Pagesinnovative genetic testing and manipulation. Prenatal genetic testing is becoming more readily available to expectant parents, many who currently appreciate the option of amniocentesis, a procedure performed in the second trimester to test for Down syndrome, among other prenatal tests (Lippman 383). However, technology has advanced to the point where doctors will be able to test fetuses and embryos for potential defects, and this point of contention has led to a debate on whether prenatal genetic testing

Microsofts Management Planning Essay - 1231 Words

Microsoft’s Management Planning Paper Within this paper Microsoft’s organization will be assessed with the planning functions of management. Along with a brief analysis of Microsoft’s history and the impact that legal issues, ethics and corporate social responsibility have on the planning functions of management. It will also analyze the factors that influence the Microsoft’s strategic, operational, and contingency planning. The Microsoft corporation is one of the most prevalent and powerful companies in the private computer business. Established in 1975 by Paul Allen and Bill Gates, Microsoft has the strongest presence in just about all areas of computer software, from applications to programming tools. Bill Gates wanted to†¦show more content†¦Planning principles may be or external or internal. Internal consist of asset investment plans, executive labor affairs, beliefs of management. While external includes political, social, and economical transformation. Internal principles are controllable while external are not controllable. To facilitate the management of Microsoft the company is run by a Board of Directors. This is a strategic form of planning that impacts the legal issues, ethics and corporate and social responsibility of the company. The committees include the Compensation Committee, which grants compensation for the CEO and supplementary employees of the corporation; the Governance and Nominating Committee, which takes care of an assortment of corporate matters as well as nomination of the board; the Finance Committee, which takes care of financial matters such as recommended unifications and acquirements; the Audit Committee, which takes care of accounting issues with the corporation together with reports and audits; and the Antitrust Compliance Committee, which puts forth efforts to put a stop to company practice from violating antitrust laws. Other aspects to the corporate configuration are there is a Executive Team, comprised of sixteen corporate officers around the world, which is in charge o f a variety of duties including making sure staff understand Microsofts traditions of business. That teamShow MoreRelatedInternal and External Factors of Management1396 Words   |  6 Pagesoperates. In depth, Microsoft’s planning functions are influenced by the consumer’s need, which continues to influence Microsoft’s products and services. The purpose of this paper is to identify and explain the internal and external factors which impact the planning functions of management within Microsoft Corporation. The internal desire to conquer all world markets in the software business is very challenging but Microsoft has proven it can be done with careful planning in regard to rapidRead MoreSoftware And Application Lifecycle Management1327 Words   |  6 Pagesapplication causing a ripple effect with endless updates leaving with an entangled mess. Software businesses should use an application lifecycle management service as a solution to resolving these issues with the applications that they design. â€Å"Application lifecycle management (ALM) is the supervision of a software application from its initial planning through retirement† (Rouse, M. 2011). Software companies that use this solution are able to create a portfolio by managing the different phasesRead MoreStrategic Initiative Paper.1324 Words   |  6 Pagesimplement a strategic planning initiative in which the company would repurchase its stock. The $40 billion program would result in increased quarterly dividends and a return to shareholders of close to $14 billion (Microsoft Corporation, 2009). In this paper, Team B will analyze the stock repurchase initiative of Microsoft. The team will describe the relationship between strategic and financial planning. Further, Team B will describe how the initiative will impact the financial planning of Microsoft, andRead MorePrinciples of Management - Microsoft1039 Words   |  5 PagesINTRODUCTION Background of Principle of Management Management can be defined as all the activities and tasks undertaken by one or more persons for the purpose of planning and controlling the activities of others in order to achieve an objective or complete an activity that could not be achieved by the others acting independently. Managers in organization do this task. Management contains these few components which are planning, organizing, leading and controlling. Planning involves defining goals, establishingRead MorePrinciples of Management - Microsoft1031 Words   |  5 PagesINTRODUCTION Background of Principle of Management Management can be defined as all the activities and tasks undertaken by one or more persons for the purpose of planning and controlling the activities of others in order to achieve an objective or complete an activity that could not be achieved by the others acting independently. Managers in organization do this task. Management contains these few components which are planning, organizing, leading and controlling. Planning involves defining goals, establishingRead MoreMicrosoft Corporation : The First Computer Programming Language1519 Words   |  7 Pagessenior leaders. Top management includes Satya Nadella, CEO, and Brad Smith, President and Chief Legal Officer. Additionally, there are several Executive VPs who all preside over different departments, including marketing, corporate strategy and planning, human resources and finances. Between them, they have an impressive range of leadership skills, including, but certainly not limited to, administration, strategic planning, deci sion-making, innovation and risk management. (Microsoft CorporationRead MoreSoftware Businesses Use An Application Lifecycle Management Service1369 Words   |  6 Pagescausing a ripple effect with endless updates leaving with an entangled mess in the program. Software businesses should use an application lifecycle management service as a solution to resolving these issues with the applications that they design. â€Å"Application lifecycle management (ALM) is the supervision of a software application from its initial planning through retirement† (Rouse, M. 2011). Software companies that use this solution are able to create a portfolio by managing the different phasesRead MoreAssessing Microsofts Corporate Strategy Development and Governance1551 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Assessing Microsofts Corporate Strategy Development and Governance Introduction Microsoft has one of the most pervasive portfolios of software applications, services and products globally, equally effective in gaining and keeping customers in the consumer, small business and enterprise markets. The series of broad business models that comprise the company require intensive levels of governance, risk and compliance management (Ali, Green, 2012). Microsoft operates in over 160 different nationsRead MoreMicrosoft Internal And External Factors1652 Words   |  7 Pages Trends Business Environment: Successful companies practice a disciplined management strategy which encompasses the four functions of management: planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. The application of these management practices is evident in further analyzing the management construct of Microsoft Corporation. A global corporation who specializes in providing technology solutions for five different business segments ranging from personal computers to gaming devices, Microsoft has demonstratedRead MoreOrganizational Structure Essay examples902 Words   |  4 Pages{text:bookmark-start} Running head: ORGANIZATIONAL {text:bookmark-end} STRUCTURE Organizational Structure Romanoff, T. Axia College of University of Phoenix MGT 330 Management: Theory, Practice and Application Peter Espeut October 26, 2009 Organizational Structure Planning and organization are crucial for an organization to achieve maximum effectiveness and success. Microsoft Company, for instance, has an organizational structure consisting of board of directors who include

Dr. Koch s Religion Essay - 1297 Words

With the mention of religion, what first comes to mind? Despite the initial thought, image, opinion, or experience that makes itself known, the response likely varies, even across time and place, and this can be reflected in the fact that America has no specific definition of religion. However, to assist in laying a foundation, the definition made clear in Dr. Koch’s Religion in America class lecture is â€Å"a discourse, a set of practices, a community, and/ or an institution† in which allows for analysis, discussion, practice, and thought to then take place in order to make sense of how this man made principle was woven into the foundation of American society (Koch). Studying the history of religion in America, a common theme prevails: the relationship between religion and modernization. This theme is still present today as St. Agnes Cathedral Community in Springfield, exhibits the relationship and how religious communities’ are striving to keep their tradition al practices alive amidst modern America, creating a subtle contrasting undertone within their church. After attending St. Agnes’ 8:30AM, Sunday Mass service, one of my main observations was its strong traditional atmosphere as a result of the participation in many ceremonial and ritualistic practices common within the Catholic church. Attempting a research in the Catholic Mass prior to my attendance, I found myself confused and overwhelmed with the complexity of the details, rules, and history. However, I rested on aShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Changes In Medicine In The Nineteenth Century1561 Words   |  7 Pages agreed. There were a number of reasons why the governments view of health conditions in towns changed in the 1870s. The health in towns was still very bad and there were a number of cholera epidemics, including the famous one where Dr. John Snow linked cholera to polluted water. In 1861, Pasteur proved that germs cause decay. It was Robert Koch who linked the germ theory and disease with actual proof in 1878, a few years after the Second Public Health Act had beenRead MoreDevelopment of Multinational Personnel Selection9733 Words   |  39 PagesS w 9B07C041 Licensed to the University of Regina for use by Professor Sandra Steen in the course â€Å"MBA/GBUS 843 Strategic HR Management, from 01/07/13 to 04/30/13. DEVELOPMENT OF A MULTINATIONAL PERSONNEL SELECTION SYSTEM Professors Diana E. Krause and Reiner Piske wrote this case solely to provide material for class discussion. The authors do not intend to illustrate either effective or ineffective handling of a managerial situation. The authors may have disguised certain names and otherRead MoreUnited States Of Americ World Health Organization1639 Words   |  7 PagesAmerica 2. Governmental System: Constitution-based Federal Republic 3. Head of State: Barack Obama 4. Official Language(s): No Official Language 5. Region: Allies/Blocs: EU Members, NATO Members, Western Bloc B. People 1. Population and Growth Rate: 318,892,103, 0.77% 2. Major Religions/Cultures: Protestant, Roman Catholic, Mormon, Jewish; White, Black, Latino, Asian. C. Economy 1. Economic System:Read MoreMalcolm X : An American Muslim Minister And Human Rights Activist6464 Words   |  26 Pagesmember of the Nation of Islam, and after his parole in 1952, rose to become one of the organization s most influential leaders, serving as the public face of the controversial group for a dozen years. In his autobiography, Malcolm X wrote proudly of some of the social achievements the Nation made while he was a member, particularly its free-of-cost drug rehabilitation program. In keeping with the Nation s teachings, he promoted black supremacy, advocated the separation of black and white Americans, andRead MoreThe Effectiveness of Employees Selection Process5668 Words   |  23 Pagesapplicants (Fernandez et al. 2000, McPherson et al. 2001, Montgomery 1991, Mouw 2003, Myers and Shultz 1951, Rees and Shultz 1970, Ullman 1966). In addition to observable sociodemographic characteristics, such as gender, age, education, social class, and religion, the homoph ily proposition encompasses behaviors and values (for a review, see McPherson et al. 2001). Empirical evidence does show that referrals and their referrers exhibit above-chance levels of homophily, at least on observable characteristicsRead MoreCommon Laboratory Operations5997 Words   |  24 Pagesregarded as one of the Seven Sages, seven wise Greek men, of the 6th and 7th centuries BC Albert Michelson(1852-1931)    The German born US physicist. He was the first American to win a Nobel prize for his measurements of the speed of light. In the 1880s Michelson and the US Physicist Edward Morley try to find out how fast the earth moved through the ether. The result was the ether wasnt exist at all. This later provided the basis of Einsteins theory of relativity. Andre-Marie Ampere(1775-1836)    ARead MoreSolution Manual, Test Bank and Instructor Manuals34836 Words   |  140 PagesGeorge S. Kriz, Gary M. Lampman, Randall G. Engel (IM) A People and a Nation A History of the United States, Brief Edition, Volume I, 9th Edition_Mary Beth Norton, Carol Sheriff, David W. Blight, Howard P. Chudacoff, A People and a Nation A History of the United States, Volume II Since 1865, 9th Edition_Mary Beth Norton, Carol Sheriff, David W. Blight, Howard P. Chudacoff, Fredrik A Small Scale Approach to Organic Laboratory Techniques, 3rd Edition _Donald L. Pavia, Gary M. Lampman, George S. KrizRead MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 PagesUniversity of Minnesota and George Washington University. His MBA and Ph.D. are from the University of Minnesota, with a BBA from Drake University. Before coming into academia, he spent thirteen years in retailing with the predecessor of Kmart (S. S. Kresge), JCPenney, and Dayton-Hudson and its Target subsidiary. He held positions in store management, central buying, and merchandise management. His first textbook, Marketing: Management and Social Change, was published in 1972. It was aheadRead MoreAuditing Cases22626 Words   |  91 Pagesthe Special Investigative Committee of the Board of Directors of Enron Corp., February 1, 2002, p. 43. 14 William C. Powers, Jr., Raymond S. Troubh, and Herbert S. Winokur, Jr., Report of Investigation by the Special Investigative Committee of the Board of Directors of Enron Corp., February 1, 2002, p. 49. ~ William C. Powers, Jr., Raymond S. Troubh, and Herbert S. Winokur, Jr., Report of Investigation by the Special Investigative Committee of the Board of Dfrectors of Enron Corp., February 1, 2002Read MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 Pagesmoney From multiple study paths, to self-assessment, to a wealth of interactive visual and audio resources, WileyPLUS gives you everything you need to personalize the teaching and learning experience.  » F i n d o u t h ow t o M A K E I T YO U R S  » www.wileyplus.com ALL THE HELP, RESOURCES, AND PERSONAL SUPPORT YOU AND YOUR STUDENTS NEED! 2-Minute Tutorials and all of the resources you your students need to get started www.wileyplus.com/firstday Student support from an experienced

Sustainability Planning for Business and Mortgage Broking †Free Sampl

Question: Discuss about the Sustainability Planning and Mortgage Broking. Answer: The written plan for the sustainability report has been constructed in order to understand the plan and the future progress of Future Bright Company. The company functions in a rural town in Western Australia. The company started in the year 2005 by Nathalie Coleman and she had the vision of bringing in entertainment and theatres in the small town in Western Australia. The company has been growing gradually ever since its inception and with the increase in the growing staff members, the company has constructed a small office building. The company comprises of various employees that includes the stage manager, business manager, project officers, director of programming, resident designer, customer executives and marketing manager. The organization has even appointed an environment officer who has been given the task of constructing a sustainability report. It is seen that Future Bright Company has been concentrating of improving their sustainable activities. The manager of the company has reviewed certain activities of the organization and has discovered that the resources that are utilized in the theatre are not in line with the sustainable work practices that are demanded by the firm (Mowforth and Munt 2015). The areas that have been considered for the improvement with the help of the sustainability policy include: Reducing the use of resources in the firm Minimising the toxic material and the use of hazardous chemicals Utilization of the life cycle management approach Introducing a sustainability and continuous development strategy. The manager of the firm has mentioned that they require something unique in the policy that can be used for the analysis of the use of resources and scrutinizing the records of the resources on a frequent basis because it is seen that this one of the best ways that Future Bright will be supervising their advancement towards lowering the utilization of resources. The company has undertaken an effort to develop their sustainability by undertaking innovative sustainability activities (Bebbington, Unerman and O'Dwyer 2014). They are discussed as follows: Indoctrination of all the reverse air conditioners within the office to mechanically switch off the machine at 5 pm every day. It is seen that presently the air conditioners are switched off manually. It is seen that it is the duty of the last employee who leaves the office at last to turn the air-conditioners off and problem lies in this situation as it is seen that the air conditioner is switched off rarely as generally all the air conditioners remain operational for 24 hours. Improved sorting of the paper that are recyclable from the general rubbish Making use of volatile organic compound (VOC) paints when painting the performance sets and props to safeguard safety and health of the employees. Future Bright Company has undertaken a pledge of lowering impact of the environment by making use of their resources intelligently, persuading the visitors to consider and understand the use of sustainability and concentrating on the suitable principles of management. The company is seeking the strategy to enhance their economic, social, environmental and cultural advantages in the process of undertaking decisions. The company has undertaken the involvement of the sustainability policy in order to improve the performance of the firm and thereby increasing their sales that would lead to increase in their profit and share in the market. The information has been gained by taking help of all the departments from where all the issues are laid down and the issues that are of serious concern are implemented in the sustainability report. The effectiveness of the policy is very high as the implementation of these strategies will be helpful for the elimination of the problems that the company face. The policies that have been framed in the report are conveyed to all the stakeholders so that they have knowledge about the changes that have been undertaken. The stakeholders can even recommend certain changes in the policies if they desire (Epstein and Buhovac 2014) It is seen that the implementation of the sustainability policy will take around six months before they are implemented efficiently. The implementation of the sustainability policy will be helpful for improvements in the integral business planning and will help in the development of the business opportunities. The improvement in the sustainability policy will enhance the business to evaluate the market frequently and thereby understand the opportunities that are available in the market and utilize them before their rivals. The policies will be implemented with the help of the employees and the stakeholders who are associated with the company by providing them with adequate knowledge and awareness about the advantages of these policies. The budget of the firm for the last few years and the projections for the coming years are even given out so that the income and the expenditures of the firm can be evaluated. It is seen that the budget related to marketing has been raised in order to market the sustainability initiatives of Future Bright. The policy that has been created should be line with the present profit that has been established so that the activities can perform within the limitations of the firm. It is seen that there is a significant amount of variations in the profit that is established by the firm and therefore the projected cash flows and the income statement of the previous years will be used as a rough guide (Shen 2014). It is expected that the use of these policies will be useful for the generation of some surplus profits by increasing the audience level of the firm with the help of their sustainable direction. It is known that Sustainability is a long-term objective and Future Bright Company looks to see certain actions that can be implemented within the next six months. Future Bright Company 2 years ago Last year This year Next year (projected) $ $ $ $ Income Sales of goods and services 101,500 131,750 126,000 113,500 Venue hire 26,600 23,400 24,300 27,000 Grants 33,000 65,000 80,000 82,000 Philanthropy 75,800 74,000 76,000 76,000 Fundraising 3,900 4,500 4,700 5,500 Corporate partners 60,000 77,000 65,000 80,000 Investing activities 63,400 68,000 71,500 73,400 Total income 364,200 443,650 447,500 457,400 Expenses Wages and salaries 275,000 303,000 358,000 358,000 Utilities 7,672 8,472 8,672 8,800 Maintenance 1,825 869 765 1,000 Accounting expenses 1,500 1,500 1,750 1,750 Marketing 4,270 4,320 5,245 8,200 Performance costs 58,000 47,700 53,670 55,000 Miscellaneous 2,500 3,200 1,275 2,000 Total expenses 350,767 369,061 429,377 434,750 Profit/loss 13,433 74,589 18,123 22,650 References Bebbington, J., Unerman, J. and O'Dwyer, B., 2014. Sustainability accounting and accountability. Routledge. Epstein, M.J. and Buhovac, A.R., 2014. Making sustainability work: Best practices in managing and measuring corporate social, environmental, and economic impacts. Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Mowforth, M. and Munt, I., 2015. Tourism and sustainability: Development, globalisation and new tourism in the third world. Routledge. Shen, B., 2014. Sustainable fashion supply chain: Lessons from HM. Sustainability, 6(9), pp.6236-6249.

Synthetic Drugs Of Abuse Essay Research Paper free essay sample

Man-made Drugs Of Abuse Essay, Research Paper Man-made Drugs of Abuse It seems that crude adult male at times wished to get away his world. He or she likely found some natural herbal drugs to ease this desire. In fact maltreatment of the coca foliage and the opium poppy has been happening the last 3000 old ages, and likely longer. The peyote incorporating mescal cactus has been abused by the Indians for even longer. They thought it was a gift from God because they frequently realised profound truths when they where drunkard ( at least, thats what they thought! ) . In the 19. century the construction of peyote was elucidated. It was besides discovered that the synthesis of N-methyl peyote, would increase the drugs potentcy, when compared to the precursor. The first acceptet semi-synthetic drug for medical usage was heroine. Many semi-synthetic drugs followed. After a longer period to the full man-made drugs appeared. Among theese where: ephedrine, pep pill, Methedrine, phenylpropanoleamine ( appetite suppresant ) , trinitroglycerin and amylnitrite. Amphetamine, Methedrine and amylnitrite were abused for their pleasant pharmacological response. Amphetamine and Methedrine was used as a recreational drug, which made the user restless, euphoric and watchful. Amylnitrite produced strong hastes of euphory. The norm adult male could non look to command his/hers use of the drugs, and as a effect, all of theese merchandises where put under federal control. They can non be obtained lawfully without a prescription from a physician. Peoples with an penetration in chemical science and a deficiency of morale, startet to bring forth these compunds for their ain fiscal additions. The truly cagey chemists avoided making anything illegal by making pharmacologically-active compunds, which where derived from known illegal drugs. Not merely where they able to bring forth similar compounds, but many of the new compunds where much more powerful than the original drug. This created the so- called interior decorator drug phenomenon. A really common abused drug is a resulat of this development: MDMA ; or as the ravers prefer to name it, # 8220 ; ecstacy # 8221 ; . It is an pep pill that produces euphory, CNS stimulation and mild hallucinations. Many of the new drugs were besides extremely habit-forming. A twosome of old ages ago cocaine freebase, better know as # 8220 ; cleft # 8221 ; , gained popularity. The drug gave the user a ten proceedingss long # 8220 ; high # 8221 ; . The drug is physically habit-forming the first clip it is used. Another even more habit-forming and powerful drug appeared on the American market in 1994. It is called methcathinone, or # 8220 ; cat # 8221 ; . The user is high for 72 hours after utilizing merely 10-20 milligram. Although the user does non acquire physically addictet right off, the haste is so pleasant, that merely really few people has reported utilizing it merely one time. The largest job with this new drug is that it can, unlike cocaine freebase, be prepared from OTC merchandises and with really small, or even none, cognition in chemical science. It has non been seen in Denmark yet, but will indoubtly present a serious menace to the experimenting portion of the population in merely few old ages. To forestall the interior decorator drug tendency to develop farther, the DEA introduced a new term called CsA. Drugs with similar construction and effects as controlled substances were thereby besides made illegal. At the same clip the substance p2p was put under federal control. P2p was/is the chief beginning of ( Methedrine ) pep pill precursor stuff. Because of this the street avability of ( Methedrine ) pep pill fell. Merely months after this jurisprudence alteration, the streets where flooded with a new and even more powerful drug: 4-methylaminorex ; cognize as euphory. This drug is made from non-controlled substances. Throughout the history of synthetical drugs, pep pill ( velocity ) and Methedrine ( Methedrine ) , have had the greatest # 8220 ; succes # 8221 ; on the street. In the last ten old ages the rate of which new illegal drugs are seen, have grown in 10 crease. Every clip the DEA has tried to forestall the production of drugs, either by seting chemicals under control, or through propaganda, it has resultet in more enterprise from the clandestine chemists. For these people it is a athletics til crush the system, and most of them do non hold moralss refering the wellness of other people. The civilised universe uses tremendous sums of resources to contend the drug job. I personally belive that drugs should be legalized. The rabble manner of life would so go nonextant and the universes largest beginning of offense would be erased. A little amount of the money used to contend the former drug job could so be used to inform people of the dangers refering assorted substances. Possibly more people would go addicted this manner, but the gouverment would salvage so much money that other people could be saved, and thereby doing the score even.

Responsibilities of the Modern Media

Responsibilities of the Modern Media Free Online Research Papers Freedom of the media carries with it certain responsibilities of honesty, fairness, accuracy and accountability. In this essay I will discuss issues relating to media responsibility today. The media are responsible for the majority of the observations and experiences from which we build up our personal understanding of the world and how it works. Much of our view of reality is based on media messages that have been pre-constructed and have attitudes, interpretations and conclusions already built in. The media, to a great extent, give us our sense of reality. Without mass media, openness and accountability are impossible in contemporary democracies. Freedom of the media carries with it certain responsibilities of honesty, fairness, accuracy and accountability. The power of the media to create and destroy human values comes with great responsibility. Such power ought not to be in the hands of a few. In this essay I will attempt to define the meaning of responsibility, and will discuss the power and various responsibilities of the media. I will then proceed to address hate speech and it’s consequences and then examine the various problems regarding media ownership when in the hands of a few. I will conclude with a discussion regarding our role as socially responsible citizens to take a stand for what we expect from the media. The media are a centre of power in the political system, having great influence on politics and on forming social change. Television can greatly influence the election of a national leader on the basis of image. The power is the power to decide who will communicate what to whom. Today even those who loathe the media must use the media. The Taliban, to take an extreme example, banned television, photographs and computers but now use what they called ‘tools of the devil’ to refocus world attention on the war in Afghanistan. The media’s main impact is psychological and intellectual. Media and entertainment companies shape public opinion and help frame the terms of public debate. The media is what we read, listen to and watch. In parallel, through its close relationship with advertisers, the media also exerts a powerful influence on the decisions we make, the products we buy, and the sort of questions we ask when we make our everyday choices. (sustainability.com/publications/engaging/good-news-and-bad.asp) The long view of history proves medias power by showing that the medium itself, in the long run, is more powerful than the messages it carries, because the medium determines what can be communicated and how we think about that communication. (Gibbons ;2000,10) Responsibility. The Oxford English Dictionary defines the word responsible (adj) as having an obligation to do something, as part of ones job or role:or having control over or care for someone, liable to be called to account (to a person or for a thing). To be accountable, answerable, to blame, blameworthy, at fault, guilty, culpable. While responsibility (n) is defined as the state or fact of being responsible, the ability to act independently and make decisions,the state of being answerable for ones performance according to the terms of reference of the Code of Professional Conduct. Socially, peoples responsibilities are those things for which they are accountable; failure to discharge a responsibility renders one liable to some censure or penalty as part of a job, or profession, or social role . According to Paul Ricoeur responsibility is tied to ethical identity, both at the individual and at the community level. Ethical identity, for its part, is born of tradition, critical and normative thought, and the capacity to exercise sensitive judgement in the manner of Aristotles Phronesis . It is because such an identity can be attested to by ethical subjects and communities that responsibility can be imputed to them and should be accepted and honoured by them. (Ricoeur,2000,p27) Social Responsibility Maintaining that the press plays an important role in the development and stability of modern society, advocates of Social Responsibility press theory believe it imperative that a commitment of social responsibility be imposed on mass media ( Merrill, 1974). In their eyes, the press has a moral obligation to consider the overall needs of society when making journalistic decisions that will produce the greatest good or the greatest number. Moreover, this utilitarian goal can be accomplished only through a concerted effort to further various ethical ideals agreed upon by all concerned with this improvement of society. To allow unchanneled and uncontrolled distribution of ideas and information supported by the libertarian press notion was considered neither responsible nor beneficial to society and could not be considered ethical. (Lloyd ;1991:6) Professional journalists do have a code of ethics. Journalists make judgments about whats safe and appropriate to report which often involves difficult choices. Let us consider the journalists share of responsibility for the consequences of their reporting? German sociologist Max Weber distinguishes between an ethics of conviction and an ethics of responsibility. According to the latter, journalists must take into account the foreseeable consequences of their reporting, the impact on society. The ethics of conviction on the other hand posits that journalists have an absolute duty to tell the truth, regardless of the consequences. War journalism tends to regard this mission to reveal the truth as a sufficient condition for ethical reporting, although according to Weber both ethics are complementary rather than opposites. (erc.org.au/issues/text/rw03.htm) The underlying assumption of social responsibility is that moral and ethical commandments dictate journalistic excellence (even if authoritarian control is needed to uphold such laws) instead of the individual reasoned choices of reporters and editors. (Lloyd; 1991;6) Trust. For a multi media company, trust is a keyword. It is essential to have mutual trust with readers, viewers and listeners, as well as employees, owners and society at large. One does not gain trust without taking responsibility. For Media companies it is of vital importance to be identified as being ethical and responsible. The publics right to know of events of public importance and interest is the overriding mission of the mass media. The purpose of distributing news and enlightened opinion is to serve the general welfare. Journalists who use their professional status as representatives of the public for selfish or other unworthy motives violate a high trust. Freedom of the press is to be guarded as an inalienable right of people in a free society. It carries with it the freedom and the responsibility to discuss, question, and challenge actions and utterances of our government and of our public and private institutions. Journalists uphold the right to speak unpopular opinions and the privilege to agree with the majority. Their social responsibilities to the public are paramount. That is the nature of their profession. (Knowlton;1995;5) Hate speech. No issue is more problematic for those concerned with media freedom and responsibility than the issue of hate speech. The term is generally used to refer to advocacy of national, racial, religious or other hatred. The issue, in essence, is how far it is proper or acceptable to limit the right to freedom of expression, when the views being expressed support the limitation or infringement of the rights of others. These issues become even more acute in a country with a history of communal or -5- ethnic violence, where the media are known to have played a role in fanning hostilities. In 1946, the judges at Nuremberg found Julius Streicher, the Nazi publisher of Der Sturmer, guilty of inciting of the population to abuse, maltreat and slay their fellow citizens, to stir up passion, hate, violence and destruction among the people themselves aims at breaking the moral backbone even of those the invader chooses to spare. The judges sentenced him to death because his incitement to murder and extermination at the time when Jews in the East were being killed under the most horrible conditions clearly constitutes persecution on political and racial grounds and (therefore) a Crime against Humanity. Forty- seven years later, in Dec. 2003, in a landmark verdict, the war crimes tribunal for Rwanda convicted three media figures of genocide for inciting people to take part in the wave of killing that swept across Rwanda in 1994. The defendants were found guilty for their use of a popular radio station and a newspaper to inflame hatred against the country’s Tutsi minority and to direct and encourage the campaign of slaughter. The lesson in the conviction of the three is that social responsibility is at the root of journalistic practice. In an interview with The New York Times, Stephen Rapp, the senior prosecutor on the case, said A key question will be what kind of speech is protected and where the limits lie. It is important to draw that line. We hope the judgment will give the world some guidance. He also noted that in terms of international legal standards there has been no decision since Nuremberg. â€Å"Those who control the media are accountable for its consequences ,† the Arusha, Tanzania, based international court said before handing down the convictions. (crimesofwar.org/onnews/news-rwanda.html) In my opinion the media should not cooperate with hate-mongers by providing them an uncontrolled platform for disseminating their ideas. This is not to say that the media should fail to report about the conduct of hate mongers. Instead, the media coverage of hate speech should be cautious and sensitive to the interests of the group under attack, and above all be ‘responsible.’ Owners Without a doubt information is power, and the big owners of the main medium to get information to the people, the mainstream media, are very powerful people. Therefore we may well ask how can there be credible democratic discourse in any country when the major public information channels, television and newspapers, are owned or controlled by a handful of individuals accountable only to themselves? Interestingly, for Karl Marx, the mass media was simply an instrument of bourgeois control over the proletariat, a part of the overall superstructure of society, along with religion, the family and education. Whether one agrees with Marxs political dimension or not, what is clear is that Marxism presents to us an extremely useful model in which to study the mass media today. Though Marx was writing at a time when the main organs of mass media wouldve essentially meant newspapers and books, Marxist analysis can be applied to todays media: the mass media, a privatized means of production, is there to replicate capitalist ideology and to promote a false consciousness amongst the working class. (marxists.org/glossary/index.htm) Television and radio stations, newspapers, magazines, and internet sites are, largely, owned and controlled by profit-making businesses. Since it is the bourgeoisie who control the media, it is only natural that it is their ideas get promoted through both things like advertising and the actual media products themselves movies, soap opera, tabloid newspapers, consumer magazines and so on. The case for imposing limits on media ownership is based solely on democratic, social and journalistic concerns. The media have a social responsibility that makes them unlike other commercial activities. As such, freedom of the press is not just the proprietary right of owners to do as they see fit. It is a right of the Australian people. (presscampaign.org/proposals.htm) The current level of ownership concentration here in Australia continues to be one of the highest in the world. Rupert Murdoch, the worlds most powerful media mogul, already decides whats fit to print in Adelaide, Brisbane and many regional cities, where he owns the only newspaper. In Melbourne and Sydney he dominates the newspaper market and he owns the only national daily, The Australian . Kerry Packer is Australias richest, most powerful businessman, and owns the dominant Nine TV network as well as a large stable of news, womens and other magazines. Companies run by the two media moguls and their sons, James Packer and Lachlan Murdoch, are also equal shareholders in the pay-TV group Foxtel (wsws.org/articles/1999/mar1999/aba-m18.shtml) The film Outfoxed: Rupert Murdoch’s War on Journalism , a recently released documentary about the Fox News channel in the US, exposes the methods and props used by the Fox Network to mold the news. It also displays the influence these methods have had on the major media groups. Fox News claims to be Fair and balanced but in reality is anything but. For the first time ever, this documentary reveals the secrets of former Fox News producers, reporters, bookers and writers who expose what its like to work for Fox News. These former Fox employees talk about how they were forced to push a right-wing point of view or risk their jobs. Some have even chosen to remain anonymous in order to protect their current livelihoods. As one employee said, Theres no sense of integrity as far as having a line that cant be crossed. The film demonstrataes the impact on society when a broad swath of media is controlled by one person. (disinfo.com/site/) An Australian media without a strong, independent ABC and an independently-owned Sydney Morning Herald, The Age and The Australian Financial Review would no longer be a free media. It would be controlled by powerful political and business players, and they will decide what’s fit to read, what stories to publish, and what opinions to disseminate. (xmedia.org.au/index.php?option=contenttask=viewid=28Itemid=) The Australian Broadcasting Corporation, through programs such as Media Watch, Frontline and the Media Report, has contributed much. The effect has been to raise public awareness of the processes of journalism. (unimelb.edu.au/speeches/pchadwick99nov17.html) In addition Four Corners has carved a long and proud tradition of investigative journalism, exposing corruption in high places and peering into neglected corners of society.(abc.net.au/4corners/4c40/essays/ricketson.htm) To conclude, the largest transmitter of information today is the mass media. Here a mere fraction of a percent of the western world population decides what the rest of the world is to know and not to know. Technological advances continue to increase the power of the media to effect cultural change, manipulate public opinion and influence government policy. I dont want to censor the media I just want them to understand their power to influence minds and use it responsibly. The greater the power, the greater the responsibility. The core problem is that most journalists are employees, not autonomous professionals like, say, a barrister. The main issue for truth in reporting is advertisers or media owners putting pressure on editors and journalists to publish or hold stories. Unfortunately journalists don’t always control the end product of their work as published or broadcast. Regrettably the majority of the key decision-makers in media organisations (such as the owners), the people who really wield power and from whom responsibility should be extracted, are not subject to any ethical codes or enforcement system (alliance.org.au/work/aja/ethics/ethics1.html) Private media ownership; the mass media conglomerate,a concentration of media ownership in too few hands is a danger to society. This can constitute a threat to democracy itself, where major political parties are almost held to ransom by media proprietors, who can wield enormous power through their ability to manipulate the opinion of the electorate, should they choose to do so. It is my view that such power and responsibility should never be left in the hands of a few. The public need a wide range of contrasting perspectives from the media, not simply the opinions of a handful of conglomerates and their owners. Working journalists in the monopolized television and newspaper media must know that, where there is conflict between the principles of public interest journalism and the direction set by ownership, there is a channel of appeal where professional standards reign. For this reason there need to be rules which media owners respect and accept. We need rules to prevent one company from having too much control over the media content. We must have reliable systems developed which ensure a diversity of media ownership, so that competition within the media stimulates a wide range of perspectives on public policy issues and acts as a check on the political power of the media magnates .(transparency.org/sourcebook/14.html) Finally, I believe it is our responsibility as concerned citizens to make sure we are not merely passive viewers, readers or listeners, after all we are also voters and consumers. Together we can wield a huge influence on the media by playing an active part in improving the output of all our media services by making our views known where it counts. Each of us has a responsibility to reject any obvious biases and take a stand for what we expect from the media by demanding equal representation of issues and political candidates. Nowadays we have the Internet to assist democracy by giving a voice to every citizen in every library, every office and every home. Complaints processes exist for anyone wanting to complain about something they have watched, heard or read in a variety of media. This includes complaints in relation to television or radio content; advertising; online content; film, videos and literature; and the print media. It is important for our society that the media and their owners are accountable. It is up to every one of us to closely follow the critical issues of the day, monitor the performance of the media and, through grassroots activism, use our powers of purchase and persuasion to expose media bias and fraud; bring pressure to bear for media reform; and when faced with cases of continued bias, inaccuracy or unfairness, make our objections heard and direct others toward more reliable and responsible new sources. References Gibbons J R Eldon Hieberet 2000 Exploring Mass Media for a Changing World Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Mahwah, NJ. p10 Knowlton S. R Parsons P.R. 1995 The Journalists Moral Compass: Basic Principles. Praeger Publishers Westport, CT. p5 Lloyd Scott, 1991 A Criticism of Social Responsibility Theory: an Ethical Perspective Journal of Mass Media Ethics, Vol. 6. Ricoeur Paul 2000 The Just, The University of Chicago Press Chicago and London; p25 Electronic References Edmund Rice Centre Accessed October 2004. Available at: [erc.org.au/issues/text/rw03.htm] Crimes of War Project Dworkin Andrew December 2003 Accessed October 2004. Available at: [crimesofwar.org/onnews/news-rwanda.html] Encyclopedia of Marxism Accessed October 2004, Available at: [marxists.org/glossary/index.htm] The Campaign for Press and Broadcasting Freedom Media Reform Accessed October 2004 Available at: [presscampaign.org/proposals.htm] World Socialist Website Head Mike 18th March, 1999. Accessed October 2004. Available at: [wsws.org/articles/1999/mar1999/aba-m18.shtml] Disinformation Accessed October 2004. Available at: [wsws.org/articles/1999/mar1999/aba-m18.shtml] -12- XMedia .org.au The Cross-Media Ownership Campaign Accessed October 2004. Available at: [xmedia.org.au/index.php?option=contenttask=viewid=28Itemid=] University of Melbourne Chadwick Paul Nov. 1999 Accessed October 2004. Available at: [unimelb.edu.au/speeches/pchadwick99nov17.html] ABC Australia Four Corners Ricketson Matthew 20th August, 2001 The importance of investigative journalism of journalism. Accessed October 2004. Available at: [abc.net.au/4corners/4c40/essays/ricketson.htm] Ethics Review Committee Final Report November 1996 Accessed October 2004. Available at: [alliance.org.au/work/aja/ethics/ethics1.html] Transparency International White Theodore An Independent and Free Media Accessed October, 2004. Available at: [transparency.org/sourcebook/14.html] Research Papers on Responsibilities of the Modern MediaRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Bringing Democracy to AfricaQuebec and CanadaCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionPETSTEL analysis of India

Synthesis Reaction Description Plus Examples

Synthesis Reaction Description Plus Examples While there are many types of chemical reactions, they all fall into at least one of four broad categories: synthesis reactions, decomposition reactions, single displacement reactions, and double displacement reactions. A synthesis reaction or direct combination reaction is a type of chemical reaction in which two or more simple substances combine to form a more complex product. The reactants may be elements or compounds, while the product is always a compound. General Form of Synthesis Reactions The general form of a synthesis reaction is: A B → AB Examples of Synthesis Reactions Here are some examples of synthesis reactions: Water:2 H2(g) O2(g) → 2 H2O(g)Carbon dioxide:2 CO(g) O2(g) → 2CO2(g)Ammonia:3 H2(g) N2(g) → 2 NH3(g)Aluminum oxide:4 Al(s) 3 O2(g) → 2 Al2O3(s)Iron sulfide:8 Fe S8 → 8 FeSPotassium chloride:2 K(s) Cl2(g) → 2 KCl(s) Recognizing Synthesis Reactions The hallmark of a synthesis reaction is that a more complex product is formed from the reactants. One easy-to-recognize type of synthesis reaction occurs when two or more elements combine to form a compound. The other type of synthesis reaction happens when an element and a compound combine to form a new compound. Basically, to identify this reaction, look for a product that contains all the reactant atoms. Be sure to count the number of atoms in both the reactants and the products. Sometimes when a chemical equation is written, extra information is given that might make it hard to recognize what is going on in a reaction. Counting numbers and types of atoms makes it easier to identify reaction types.