Hawthornes Birthmark and Young Goodman Brown free essay sample

This paper breaks down how Hawthorne tends to his Puritan sees on profound quality and morals in Birthmark and Young Goodman Brown. This paper investigates the perspectives on Nathaniel Hawthorne, communicated in his two books. An abstract of every novel is given and afterward the writer takes a gander at how Hawthornes composing style identifies with morals and imagery. The creator at that point dissects the plots and characters of the books according to moral issues. 'Hawthorne was brought into the world 1804 and raised in Salem, Massachusetts to a Puritan family. At the point when Hawthorne was four, his dad passed on. After this episode he was for the most part in the female organization of his two sisters, an auntie and his resigning mother who was not near her posterity. Hawthorne was known as a saved character however during four years at school he built up dear fellowships with his male schoolmates, a few of which he proceeded forever. 'Youthful Goodman Brown' was distributed in 1835, when Nathaniel Hawthorne was 31 years of age. We will compose a custom article test on Hawthornes Birthmark and Young Goodman Brown or on the other hand any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page 'Skin coloration' was distributed as a short story in Mosses from an Old Manse in 1846.'

7 Reasons You Didnt Get the Job

7 Reasons You Didnt Get the Job On the off chance that you’reâ searching for a new position, you need to beâ sure you don’tâ make any conspicuous slip-ups that may keep youâ from looking for some kind of employment particularly in the wake of investing a great deal of energy in quest for new employment destinations. Albeit a great many people realize it is an impractical notion to drop at last or wear a running suit to a meeting, littler mix-ups can likewise shield you from being thought of. 1. You didn’tâ proofread your resumeWith only one look, a resume can educate a selection representative a great deal regarding an occupation candidate. A resume that’s muddled and contains terrible syntax or grammatical mistakes isn't probably going to be paid attention to. You can fix issues with your resume by utilizing an online language structure checker and rehashing it cautiously to search for botches. In the event that you have a companion who is a whizâ at syntax and accentuation, reque st that the person in question look it over for you. Whatever it takes, make your resume as flawless as you can.2. Your resume is unfocusedDid youâ write yourâ resume a year prior and are currently simply reusing it to go after positions? The times of utilizing a general resume are finished. Since employing administrators are occupied individuals, they need to meet the most ideally equipped possibility for the activity and not sit around idly on candidates whose capabilities aren’t a solid match. Revamping your resume to incorporate your capabilities that fit consummately with the expected set of responsibilities can get you that interview.3. You didn’t compose a spread letterHiring administrators go to the introductory letter first before taking a gander at an applicant’s continue. In any event, while going after a job by sending your resume by means of email, you truly need to incorporate an introductory letter. Many employing supervisors won’t think about an application without one. Make sure to incorporate the explanation you need the activity in your introductory letter, and don’t make it a smaller than usual duplicate of your resume.4. You went into the meeting coldLet’s state you’ve been welcomed for a prospective employee meeting. You’re feeling really sure now. Be that as it may, presumptuousness and absence of planning has cost incalculable individuals a bid for employment. Get your work done. Prospective employee meet-ups regularly comprise of thinking about the organization where you are applying, posing inquiries that are significant, explaining to the spotter why you are qualified and how you can be a benefit in the activity, and doing a follow up afterward.5. You castâ your net too wideOne botch some activity searchers make isn't concentrating on the sort of employment itself. Consider openings, not one specific occupation, and you can wind up utilized quicker. Possibly you have your hea rt set on an occupation with the Widget Company, however you would need to begin at the base and stir your way up on the grounds that there are no openings for somebody with your capabilities. Concentrate plainly on the position you need to fill, and consume your endeavors in that direction.6. You weren’t on timeTime matters with regards to employing directors. Appearing late for a meeting reflects seriously, as does showing up too soon on the grounds that it can cause you seem on edge and cause the questioner to feel forced. Do leave right on time to get to your meeting around 10 minutes before it is booked, yet discover a spot to unwind on the off chance that you show up before that.7. You got too personalMaking an individual association with an employing director can be a smart thought, for example, sharing an enthusiasm for a ball group or certain things about the city. Be that as it may, going over the edge and providing an excessive number of insights regarding your own life occupies the employing manager’s time and may not think about well you. Chattering, regardless of whether in a resume or during a meeting, can leave an awful impression. On the off chance that you do relate individual data, keep it in setting with the job.After investing energy looking through arranged occupation promotions and sending in a resume, basic slip-ups made by work candidate can cost that individual a vocation. Similarly as realizing that how will generally be a fruitful occupation candidate and sail through a meeting is significant data, realizing how to lead a pursuit of employment in a viable manner is too. Rather than taking a gander at innumerable activity promotions in various areas, TheJobSearch accomplishes the work for you by sending you email cautions when employments accommodating your capabilities become accessible. Round out your activity advantages and capabilities, join with TheJobNetwork, and that is everything necessary.

How to Identify Top Performers and Future Leaders

How to Identify Top Performers and Future Leaders Imagine that you are a hiring manager or even a small business owner presented with the task of meeting and interviewing a dozen candidates for the company. You will be looking at them one by one and, at the back of your mind, you might be wondering who among them will become the future manager of the company.You are will probably be on the lookout for a potential leader, one who will contribute greatly to the achievement of the organization’s objectives and business goals.Identifying this individual among a pool of candidates is not something that can be done by simply reading over their CVs or randomly pointing at the most sharply dressed person or the one who is the most eloquent.A good employee is someone that every business would be happy to have. He comes to work every day, on time, and performs what he is supposed to. She successfully delivers the results that are expected of her.However, businesses that are continuously growing and planning to grow are not going to be satis fied with having just “good employees”. They are going to be looking for those employees that perform above and beyond what is expected of them, and those who will lead the company to the growth that is being sought.When a business is hiring new employees, it is actually investing in the future of the business. The employees that they hire today are assets that will become the leaders of the company in the future. Succession and workforce planning will benefit a lot from the efforts by management to identify those who are most likely to lead the company in the future and separating the top performing employees from the average ones. Just like any other investment, a lot of thought and consideration should go in choosing the employees. © Shutterstock.com | Sunny studioIn this article, we will look into 1) the approaches and tools used in identifying top performers and future leaders, 2) common traits of those rare talents, and 3) what to look for in future leaders.APPROACHES AND TOOLS USED IN IDENTIFYING TOP PERFORMERS AND FUTURE LEADERSFortunately for employers and human resource managers, there are tools that can help in finding these top performers and future leaders, by making them stand out from the crowd.The following are seen as excellent indicators of the potential of employees.Evaluation of Past and Current Job PerformanceThe work experience of the employee will matter a great deal. Beyond looking at the current performance of the employee, it is also just as important to look into his past performance, even if it was in other companies. This will make it easier for you to determine whether, early on, the employee has shown a pattern of being a good leader.By tracing the career path that the employee has followed so far over the years, you can tell whether the employee has what it takes to rise up the ranks or not.Talking with the supervisors and other employees that have worked, or are currently working directly with the employee will also provide good input in your assessment of her potentials, particularly the leadership behaviors.In order to identify top performers, you can look at the output of the employees. The company may have a performance evaluation system that makes use of metrics that you can look at and make your evaluation from. Naturally, the ones registering the highest output are the top performers.If this approach or tool is used, you will be able to categorize your candidates. Instead of just separating the top performers from the average and poor performers, you can break down the classification further.Aside from the top performers in their respective job categories, you will be able to identify the problem solvers (who show great potential of becoming good deci sion-makers and managers) and the fast learners (who can pick things up easily that they are on the fast track of becoming in the league of top performers in the future).Conduct of Competency AssessmentThere are various assessment programs that can be employed to see whether employees have the competencies of becoming future leaders or not. There are even competency assessment centers that specialize in providing this service to companies for their employees.Large companies have their own competency modeling programs in place, and they use these to assess the skills of their employees, so they do not have to outsource or seek the services of independent competency assessment centers.This is how you can conduct a competency skills assessment. Conduct of Interviews with the Employee, Supervisors and Co-workersYou can tell a lot about a person just by having a conversation with him, whether it is in a formal or an informal setting. In fact, having a casual chat or conversation is just as effective as meeting them for a round-table formal interview. Take every opportunity to interact with the employee â€" pick her brain, so to speak â€" and you can gain better understanding of her character and her “mettle”.You can also go directly to the current leaders, supervisors and managers, and ask for their opinion on who among the employees show a lot of promise. Mentors are also in the best position to tell whether an employee has what it takes to lead in the future. Of course, you should not forget the employees, or those who are being led. Ask their opinion on who they think is a good leader, or who they see as a leader.When using this tool, objectivity is required. Keep in mind that there is a risk that the information gleaned from these interviews may not be as impartial as you want. Thus, it is with a reasonable degree of professional skepticism that you approach your search for top performers and future leaders in this manner.Conduct of Trainings for Skills Dev elopmentThe company is mainly responsible for ensuring that its employees continue to grow and develop, because it is to the company’s advantage to have highly competent employees.Companies then design training programs and various learning opportunities and experiences that are tailored or geared specifically for their employees. Through these learning activities, they will be able to see which employees show a lot of promise as top performers and future leaders.Conduct of On-the-job ObservationThe observation will focus on the leadership behaviors and attitude of employees during the actual performance of their jobs.Learn more about how to identify and develop top leaders by watching this stellar presentation of Kevein Groves. COMMON TRAITS OF TOP PERFORMERS AND FUTURE LEADERSWhat do top performers and future leaders have in common?Top quality jobA top performer will not be satisfied with “good enough”. She is not the type to settle for getting 100% of the work done. Instead , she will be looking at how she can get more than 100%, and so she will put a high priority on the quality of the work.The top performer is one who will seek compliments and commendations for the work that she does. In fact, you can say that she is thirsty for this recognition, which is why she will work many times harder to produce quality results.Fearlessness when it comes to making decisionsA sign of a good leader is stepping up and making decisions when it is needed. He may be nervous, but he does not let his nerves turn into fear, so that he is afraid that he might make a mistake.Some may view this as recklessness, but it is also seen as being bold and fearless â€" traits that business leaders should possess, considering how cutthroat and competitive the business landscape could be.Continuous skills and capability developmentYou can tell when an employee has future aspirations to become better and bigger in the future through his attitude toward learning. He will look for ways to gain more knowledge and improve his skills and competencies, particularly those that are related to his job or career.Aside from continuing education to earn more credentials, the employee will also look for every opportunity to grow personally. Trainings, workshops, seminars, and even short courses, are sought, even if it is through their personal expense and not through the company.Initiative and self-directionYou do not need to constantly look over the shoulder of a top performing employee to monitor his work. He will take it upon himself to find ways to do his job better. Sure, he may seek some guidance and advice, but he will go at it his own way after getting input from supervisors. He will take it upon himself to do his own research and pay more attention to projects than what is expected.Top performers are those who can function on their own and accomplish things without being told how to do it. They take the initiative to seek new challenges, and you will often find the m on the frontline, volunteering for new assignments.Feedback-seekingAside from seeking compliments, top performers are also always asking for feedback â€" from their supervisors and employers, from their co-workers, and from clients or customers. They treat these as constructive criticism, using them as pointers so they can improve their performance. These are used as motivations for them to go above and beyond what is written on their job descriptions and contribute to the achievement of the objectives of the business.Cool and composedPressure is a constant companion in business, but there are those who handle pressure better than most. They remain calm even when everything seems to be going crazy. They are the employees who have great potential of becoming leaders.Where does this cool and calm come from?These are brought about by the employee’s confidence that he can do the job. They are knowledgeable about the job, and they are well-prepared. This enables them to continue work ing with grace and keep their cool even if the demands from bosses and customers are increasing and deadlines are looming.Better than average interpersonal skillsGood leadership involves being able to communicate and connect with people â€" not just the ones that you lead, but everyone else that you come across in the business or the industry.Those with networking skills are demonstrating that they can be good leaders. Some people are better able to command attention than others. They have more charisma, and they have an easier time engaging socially with other people from different walks of life.This is an indication that they are more than capable of building relationships and maintaining them, and this is definitely a trait that can be of great use in the future, once they take on the reins and lead the company.WHAT TO LOOK FOR IN FUTURE LEADERSThere are specific things that an employee must have, or criteria that he must meet, in order to be said that he has a potential to be a leader.Potential over performanceThere is one thing that must be clarified: top performers are not necessarily leader material. This means that an employee can have excellent results, with output that is above and beyond what is expected.Performance is not the only thing that you should look at. You should also take a look at their aptitude, their personal goals and how they are aligned with the business goals, and their overall potential.Attachment and commitment to the companyYou have to look into the level of engagement of the employee to the company and its goals. How proactive is the employee in participating in the efforts of the company to improve, grow and expand?There are employees who go about their business, focusing completely on their assigned tasks and responsibilities. They deem this to be enough contribution to the company.There are others, however, who make an extra effort, out of genuine interest and concern for the company and its future. They give suggestions and provide ready assistance to their current leaders. If you come across this type of employee, then you should take note. You might be looking at the future leader of the company.Role taken on by the employeeThis is somehow connected to the previous item. If you want to make things easier, you can divide your employees into two groups: the observers and the actors.The first group is composed of employees that are content to just stand back and watch.The second group is composed of those who actually do something. They move, they act â€" they are catalysts. They are able to make themselves indispensable to management and the company as a whole.Level of accountability and responsibilityA good leader is one who takes responsibility for his or her actions. If they make a mistake, they own up to it. They have no problems about apologizing when they know they are in the wrong, and they make amends for it properly. Accountability is also something that you should look for in a leader. The c apacity to hold oneself accountable for failure is an indication that, when you become a leader, you will be more committed to the job at hand.It is normal for an individual to hesitate and even refuse doing something for fear that, should they fail, it would reflect poorly on them.A good leader may have such hesitations or fears, but they do not let these stop them from acting or doing something. They are gamblers; they fully recognize the risk of failure, but they are willing to face it head on.Ability to take on more responsibilitiesA leader is someone who oversees a lot of activities, divisions, departments or projects. This means that, in a way, he should be a jack-of-all-trades, or able to do a lot of things. The willingness to take on extra responsibilities, and being able to do them, means that an employee has the potential to be a leader in the future.A good sign of this is being able to multi-task. If he can focus on more than one thing at one time, and accomplish them bot h with flying colors and excellent results, you have a leader in the making.Empathy and team player attitudeIf you hope to be able to lead a team or even an entire business someday, you should be able to work with other people. A good leader should be a good team player, to begin with. After all, how can he hope to lead a team someday when he does not know the fundamental way that teams work?Some employees work better alone. Others produce better results when working within a team. If an employee can do both, then there is a huge possibility that he can become a good leader in the future.A potential leader is one who is willing and able to help others. He should also have a degree of selflessness in him, or the willingness to put others before himself. An untouchable leader is not a leader at all, so he should also be one that can readily interact with other employees.Some aspiring leaders are under the impression that their status puts them head and shoulders above other employees. Because of this, they restrict themselves to keeping relationships on a professional level. Going personal is not something that they would even consider.Personal relationships are just as important in the workplace as professional relationships, and if an employee is able to handle both very well, he can be a good leader in the future.Above average communication skillsAgain, we are back to the talks on charisma and the ability to command attention and respect. There are employees that can communicate easily with other employees, and practically anyone and everyone they come in contact with.Eloquence is expected of a leader, because she should be able to convey her ideas clearly, concisely and with conviction. Whether spoken or written, she should be able to deliver the message that needs to be delivered. At the same time, she should also have the ability to listen to others.

Gatsby Masculinity Essay - 1148 Words

Tom Buchanan is hypocritical and racist for his class excellence. He is generally skeptical of â€Å"new money† millionaires like Gatsby, and frequently makes negative remarks about bootleggers, claiming that Gatsby most likely is one by â€Å"A lot of these newly rich are just big bootlegger s you know† (Fitzgerald 86). He â€Å"suddenly spout of off about polarization of the world between super-ethnic groups, the superior white race and the inferior colored races† (Slater 54). He tries to use invidious ethnicity as a weapon to demean his rival. He attacks Gatsby based social class. He says, â€Å"Mr. Nobody from Nowhere make love to your wife†. He then quickly moves his turn to racial one by associating Gatsby with miscegenation. â€Å"Nowadays people begin by†¦show more content†¦Physical differences between whites and blacks are clearly evident here. The impact of prevailing social stratification is multi-dimensional in the novel. It is no ted that social stratification has great effects on racism. We find that Tom is a racist, and his racist attitude is due to his high social status. He attacks Gatsby and questions about his fake claim of an Oxford graduate to break the intimacy between her wife Daisy and Gatsby. He knows that revealing the truth is the only way to create a negative impact on Daisy’s mind about Gatsby. Another interpretation can be taken from Tom’s behavior is that Tom shows his aristocratic, rude and arrogant attitude. Indicating Gatsby as a â€Å"bootlegger†, â€Å"Mr. Nobody†, he shows hardly any sympathy and courtesy to Gatsby. His attitude toward Gatsby in such way would be impossible if he belongs to an inferior class. Tom is also proud of his â€Å"Nordic race†. His intention is to neglect the inferior people for their skin color. He is not a man to take any change easily. He cannot think of â€Å"intermarriage between black and white† (Fitzgerald 103) . Even Nick shows his racist behavior, pointing to the passengers ‘three modish Negroes’. Racism toward the blacks is found, and this reaction of Nick is because of his social status as an American. Tom does not hesitate to cancel his wife’s whitenessShow MoreRelatedThe Great Gatsby1800 Words   |  8 PagesThe main characters in both F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby and William Shakespeares Macbeth appear stable and successful on the outside, but inside they are engaged in a constant struggle with their dreams. Gatsby tries to win back the girl of his dreams by becoming something hes not, a member of high society; while Macbeth believes the prediction of the witches that he will be king and spends his life trying to make it come true. Both characters are willing to risk everything in pursuitRead MoreSimone de Beauvoir: the Woman in Love Essay1457 Words   |  6 Pagesmens experiences of love does she discuss? How does she think the problems of love can be rectified? Simone de Beauvoirs text The Woman in Love, taken from her book The Second Sex (1988) describes her theories on men and women in love. This essay will explore her propositions about the differences men and women experience in love, look at her ideas of authentic and inauthentic love, and how she proposes for the differences and problems of love to be dealt with. De Beauvoir published her workRead MoreRepresentation Of Male And Media1870 Words   |  8 Pagesought to take risk, have endurance, be extreme, be autonomous suppliers, and have different sex accomplices to declare their masculinity (WHO, 2000; WHO, 2007). The urge to publically characterize themselves as manly suppliers might lead young men and boys to misrepresent their masculinity to attest they are genuine men (Pollack, 1995). Misrepresented articulations of masculinity may incorporate uplifted substance misuse; utilization of viciousness; not caring about their health; problematic incomeRead More Biases From the Enlig htenment Period1965 Words   |  8 Pageseven though the body suffers. Victor only follows the trend of the time by emphasizing reason over emotion, and that trend still exists. In his essay, Passion over Reason in Ethics, Paul OBrien states, Passions include basic emotions and desires...They are not as precise as the elements of reason nor as clearly caused. His view is supported by another essay, Belief and Reason, written by Christopher Whitt.    The increasing ability to reason, to abstract, and o inspect the nature of theRead MoreSAT Top 30 Essay Evidence18536 Words   |  75 PagesP age |1 Top 30 Examples to Use as SAT Essay Evidence An exclusive special report from eSATPrepTips.com By Christian Heath P age |2 Table of Contents Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. 4 Adventurers and Explorers: Amelia Earhart (Female Aviation Pioneer) ................................................................................................ 5 Christopher

What Is HIV - 1762 Words

HIV What is HIV/AIDS? HIV stands for Human immunodeficiency Virus. This virus weakens a person s ability to fight infections. During HIV infection, the virus attacks and destroys the infection-fighting CD4 cells, a type white blood cell. The loss of CD4 cells makes it difficult to fight infections, and so, one would be most susceptible to any and every illness. A person with the loss of 200 and more CD4 cells is said to have the more advanced stage of the HIV infection, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome or AIDS. This is the stage at which all of a person’s ability to fight infections is lost. Having HIV does not always mean that you have AIDS. It can take many years for people with the virus to develop AIDS. HIV and AIDS cannot be†¦show more content†¦Talk with your sex partner or partners about their sexual history as well as your own sexual history. Find out whether your partner has a history of behaviours that increase his or her risk for HIV. Alcohol and drugs With the use of alcohol or drugs, be very careful. Being under the influence can make one careless about practicing safer sex. Never share intravenous (IV) needles, syringes, cookers, cotton, cocaine spoons, or eyedroppers with others if you use drugs. If someone already has HIV If you are infected with HIV, you can greatly lower the risk of spreading the infection to your sex partner by starting treatment when your immune system is still healthy. Experts recommend starting treatment as soon as you know you are infected. Tell your sex partner or partners about your behaviour and whether you are HIV-positive. Follow safer sex practices, such as using condoms. Do not donate blood, plasma, semen, body organs, or body tissues. Do not share personal items, such as toothbrushes, razors, or sex toys that may be contaminated with blood, semen, or vaginal fluids. If you are pregnant The risk of a woman spreading HIV to her baby can be greatly reduced if she is on medicine that reduces the amount of virus in her blood to undetectable levels during pregnancy. Continues treatment during pregnancy. Does not breast-feed her baby. The baby should also receiveShow MoreRelatedWhat Is Hiv / Aids?2952 Words   |  12 PagesWhat is HIV/AIDS? HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is a virus that cause initial HIV infection and, as the virus proliferates in the body, AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome). HIV affects the immune system by exploiting, and, eventually, destroying a specific kind of immune cells. That allows for the gradual deterioration of a person’s immune system, which ultimately causes death from minor opportunistic infections, which are normally perfectly curable and generally do not cause major consequencesRead MoreAcquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ( HIV ) : What Is The Cases Of HIV?1257 Words   |  6 PagesImmunodeficiency Virus (HIV) have always plagued the globe. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) Global Health Observatory (GHO), there are 36.9 million cases of HIV infections throughout the globe by the end of the year 2014 and 0.08% of adults with ages 15-49 years old are infected with HIV (World Health Organization, 2016). 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HIV/SIV persistence in the form of latently infected cells that decayed very slowly was demonstrated using the PBMCs isolated from patients (Finzi et al., 1997, Finzi et al., 1999, Siliciano et al., 2003). Subsequent characterization of HIV-1 latent infection and testing of latency reversing agents utilize both molecularRead MoreWhat Is Spending Of Bilateral Donor Funds For HIV / AIDS?1579 Words   |  7 Pagesimprove the quality of services delivery at the health facilities (Heraf, 2014). According to UNAIDs (2009) on HIV strategies and challenges, there exists challenges in disbursements and absorptive capacity at the national level e.g. spending of committed government funds has been a significant problem in the past and remains so to date. Spending of bilateral donor funds for HIV/AIDS is reported to be slower than the spending of government funds. The reason for this is of interest in the contextRead MoreWhat is HIV/AIDS? Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a virus that your body can’t get rid of.600 Words   |  3 PagesWhat is HIV/AIDS? Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a virus that your body can’t get rid of. This virus sits in your body and attack your immune system and essential virus fighting cells. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is the final stage of HIV infection. At this point of HIV people have badly damaged immune systems, which put them at risk for other disease and infections. HIV/AIDS burst on to the scene in the 1980’s and was originally thought to only affect homosexual males. ThatRead MoreWhat Social Factors Have Driven the Spread of Hiv/Aids in Sub-Saharan Africa?3708 Words   |  15 PagesWhat social factors have driven the spread of HIV/AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa? The Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a disease of the immune system caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). HIV is transmitted via unprotected sexual intercourse, contaminated blood transfusion, contaminated hypodermic needles, and from an infected mother to child during pregnancy, delivery or breastfeeding. There is currently no cure for HIV/AIDS. AIDS is a debilitating condition that has great socialRead MoreWhat are the main causes of high unemployment in Zimbabwe? How serious a problem is it? Will land resettlement and HIV-AIDS ease or worsen the situation? Give reasons.1516 Words   |  7 Pagesevidenced by the massive increases in the crime rates and other issues which include prostitution. This whole lot is as a result of a number of job seekers who are on the market failing to secure anything. Effects of Land Resettlement and HIV-AIDS on unemployment HIV and AIDS has been much talked about and discussed in Zimbabwe. This deadly incurable disease and virus has brought about much untold suffering and orphans. 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HIV is an acronym for Human Immunodeficiency Virus, which means that the virus is found only in humans and targets the immune system. The virus kills CD4 cells, cells in the immune system that fight off infections and diseases. HIV has been around

Can Nuclear Power Ever Be Completely Safe Free Essays

Dear Editor, In response to the article „After Fukushima, people ask: Can nuclear power ever be completely safe? â€Å" by Moya Irvine in „Read onâ€Å" April, 2011 I would like to state my opinion. I think that the nuclear power plants are on the one hand very effective, but on the other hand so dangerous, that they could destroy our whole planet. But what would we do without nuclear energy? We have to find some alternative, renewable energies to get an alternative solution to the atomic power plants. We will write a custom essay sample on Can Nuclear Power Ever Be Completely Safe? or any similar topic only for you Order Now When we look back to the nuclear incidents like Chernobyl, Windscale or Three Mile Island we see, that this energy is too dangerous. Such a failure, which happened in Chernobyl circa 20 years ago, also could happen in every other nuclear power plant and so we have to find other renewable energies, that we do not have to use nuclear power plants. Another problem is the nuclear waste, which is produced by the power plants. This issue is till this day not solve. Because of this, we shouldn’t support a technology, which isn’t full developed. The only thing that the atomic power industry is doing, is to store the nuclear wast only temporarily. Until there is no final solution, I think atomic power is not a perspective for the future. Summing up, in my opinion, we should not finance such a dangerous and hostile system. Nuclear power is also not the solution for the climate change. So I appeal to all of the people- let’s stop nuclear power plants and save our kids future, because some day there will may be another Fukushima or Chernobyl. My name How to cite Can Nuclear Power Ever Be Completely Safe?, Papers

Human Resource Management in Service Industry

Question: Describe about the Human Resource Management in Service Industry? Answer: Introduction: Human resource management (HRM) refers to the basic employee performance in the organization, how to co ordinates with the employees in the organization. HRM is very important part for all the organization, the basic role of HR manager is to see how employees are working how they managed their work in the organization.HRM generally includes planning, staffing, directing, controlling, motivating.HR use to motivate employee so they can perform their task well in the organization, they use to give a proper training and development to the employee so that they can perform well. Functions of HRM in the organization: 1. The first function is how to recruit employee in the organization, the recruitment process.2. There must be a proper safety and requirement for the employees, it is the very important part for the people who are working in the work place.3. The third function is to maintain the employee relations in the organizations. Hrm in hospitality business: The role and functions of HRM in hospitality business are: The first role of HR in hospitality business is a risk taking, in this the hospitality industry try to take risk by hiring uneducated and inexperienced workers, and also take a high experiences turnover. Due to this HR manager in hospitality industry will lead to legislation. Secondly, HR role is to build a safe work environment, which is related to the culture, HR must recruit the employees from different culture and also promote the organization culture related to programs which demonstrate the employee concern. They engaged the employee by providing them the opportunities to develop their relation with the employee and recognize their contribution which help them to boost their level of performance. Thirdly , training and development which is very important for the hospitality business how they trained their employee by guiding them with the proper rules and requirement ,so they can perform well in the organization , training may be of two types on the job and off the job training . Lastly, staffing which is the major and central role for HR for all the industries, in hospitality industry they select their staff members by screening, which help them to perform well and meet their expectations. Managing HR in hospitality industry will present a specific challenge like roles and responsibilities, background, organizational structure etc.HRM is most significant , well organized well maintain for every success of the business , hospitality business generally occurred long as well as short term of the business in which HRM is a very valuable part .To compete with the global competition now a days all the organization must manage , maintain their HR continuously .In hospitality industry there must be a selection for right person for the job, to identify a good relationship between employees and the employers. Human resource planning in the service industry s, the basic purpose of HR planning is to ensure them at a higher level which will help them to reach their goal. Its help the management practices to reach their goal and level of performance. HR planning for the service industry is very important they help them to reach their goals. Many industry ignore the HR planning because they thing it is very difficult to do. Forecasting play a major role there are two types demand and supply forecasting ,demand forecasting generally means judging the future trends so that the hr recruitment can take the decision and supply forecasting is a two way process were the Hr recruiter can organize and relatively create a good idea. Figure: HRM life cycle HRM life cycle is important for the organization; its like a chain system which includes recruiting and selection, career growth, development, planning, performance management etc. For employee life cycle the HR used to recruit them first then performance management, talent management, new hiring. Conclusion: Human resource management in service industry or hospitality industry is very important. HR should know their work well to take the company into another level .They should recruit and hire a perfect employee which are suitable for the industry .Human resource is very valuable to the industry, the ability to maintain and recruit well. Hospitality Industry is one of the major important industry .In hospitality industry the management need to increase the job satisfaction level for the employee by increasing their compensation.HRM should build a good career path for the employee so that they can reach above their expectation. References Grschl, S, 'An exploration of HR policies and practices affecting the integration of persons with disabilities in the hotel industry in major Canadian tourism destinations'. inInternational Journal of Hospitality Management, 26, 2007, 666-686. Herington, C, R McPhail, C Guilding, 'The evolving nature of hotel HR performance measurement systems and challenges arising: An exploratory study'. inJournal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 20, 2013, 68-75. Hoch, J, J Dulebohn, 'Shared leadership in enterprise resource planning and human resource management system implementation'. inHuman Resource Management Review, 23, 2013, 114-125. Mitsakis, F, 'Human Resource Management (HRM), Economic Crisis (EC) and Business Life Cycle (BLC): A Literature Review and Discussion'. inijhrs, 4, 2014, 189. Shankari, L, S Suja, 'Benchmarking on HR Scorecard in the Hospitality Industry'. inManagement and Labour Studies, 33, 2008, 80-102. Sherwyn, D, 'Synergies for HR in Hospitality'. inCornell Hospitality Quarterly, 49, 2008, 4-5.4-5.

Hippocratic Approach to Epilepsy; Natural Theory and Practice Essay Example

Hippocratic Approach to Epilepsy; Natural Theory and Practice Essay The birth of the Hippocratic medicine marked a transition from ritual and folk healing to a profession of secular theory and practice. Epilepsy, with its common occurrence, dramatic presentation, and hidden cause attracted the attention of many healers in the ancient world and was the primary subject of full Hippocratic medical treatise written in fourth century BC. This work known as Sacred Disease was the first emphatic argument for a naturalistic understanding and treatment of epilepsy and made advances that would not be surpassed for two thousand years. Galen one of the most well known and prolific physicians who practiced in Rome in the second century A. D. modeled himself after the Hippocratic ideal physician. This ideal can be conceptualized as a physician healed the sick through skilled practice by applying diligent trial and error and logic, and also was a learned natural philosopher who could defend his actions by knowledge of nature and an understanding of the human body. The advances of Greco-Roman medicine in understanding and treating epileptic disorders found in the Sacred Disease can provide an example how an idealized Hippocratic physician should approach medicine with skilled practice arising from carefully deduced and deafened natural theory. Hippocrates of Kos (cir. 460 BC-380 BC) was an ancient Greek physician is often called the father of medicine, and is know for writings an collection of writings of his name the Corpus Hippocraticum. We will write a custom essay sample on Hippocratic Approach to Epilepsy; Natural Theory and Practice specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Hippocratic Approach to Epilepsy; Natural Theory and Practice specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Hippocratic Approach to Epilepsy; Natural Theory and Practice specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The corpus was attributed to Hippocrates in antiquity, and its teaching followed principles of professionalism, natural theory, and rigorous practice of applying general diagnoses and passive treatment which was aimed to aid nature in restoring the sick to health. Hippocrates argued that diseases were caused by natural process within the body and not as a result of supernatural action or Gods and his natural philosophy and treatment approaches were emulated and idealized for centuries later. The principle of naturalistic causes of disease and relying on natural philosophy was forcibly forwarded in the treatise Sacred Disease which described the Hippocratic approach to epilepsy. The title, Sacred Disease , is counter to the authors premise that epilepsy was in no way a sacred disease, but was simply a disorder of natural origin like other diseases. The writing opens with the assertion: I do not believe that the Sacred Disease is any more divine or sacred then any other disease but, on the contrary has specific characteristics and a definite cause. Nevertheless, because it is completely different from other disease, it has been regarded as a divine visitation by those who, being only human, view it with ignorance and astonishment. 1 This strict application of science or natural philosophy toward the understanding of disease is present throughout the Hippocratic writings and is clearly stated in other treatise Tradition in Medicine Medicine has long possessed the qualities necessary to make a science. These are a starting point and a known method according to which many valuable discoveries have been made over a long period of time. By such method, too, the rest of the science will be discovered if anyone who is clever enough is versed in the observations of the past and makes these the starting point of his researches. If anyone should reject these and, casting them aside, endeavor to proceed by a new method and then assert that that he has made a discovery, he has been and is being deceived. 2 Basing the origin of disease on a understanding of the observable world as opposed to gods or spiritual possession made use of unyielding aspect of a natural philosophy and the idealized Hippocratic physician. This is because Galens view of an ideal physician would be a practitioner that would apply scientific understanding to all processes and not set aside when dealing with hidden or poorly understood processes. Stating that epilepsy has a definite and natural cause is not the end of the argument for Hippocratic author of the Sacred Disease, he also addresses the counter argument that it is supernatural. The author explains the flaws the supernatural explanations and ritualistic cures for epilepsy in the ancient Greek world. The author does by using important faculty of sound logic and a desire to inform the common man inherent in the idealized Hippocratic physician. The Greek supernatural understanding of epilepsy assumed that different deities aspects were responsible forms and symptom’s. 3 The author disputes this with logic based argument that the gods would not pollute themselves with possession of the human body. 6 The author of the Treatise also makes the makes logical assertion about the purification rituals and it practitioners: If the disease can be cured by purification and similar treatments then what is to prevent its being brought on by like devises? The man who can get rid of a disease by his magic could equally well bring it on; again there is nothing divine about this but a human element is involved. 4 By countering the supernatural assumptions regarding the causes of epilepsy that were prevalent during the authors time the he provided an example of how to defend a naturalistic theory that could be a logical alternative to supernatural explanations. With limited technology and taboos regarding posthumous forensic techniques on humans the Hippocratic author had an sophisticated understanding of the natural causes of epilepsy. The author of the Sacred Disease made two very important derived assertions that epilepsy is heritable, that epilepsy is brain disorder, and the symptoms are influenced by the environment. The author uses these observations to describe the naturalistic explanations of the disease which is another quality of the idealized Hippocratic physicians because he must defend his actions and understanding based on observations of the natural world. The Hippocratic author explanations his theory of heredity as, â€Å"The seed comes from all parts of the body; it is healthy when it comes from healthy parts, diseased when it comes from and diseased parts. †5 The author when on to make a final deductive argument for heritability and against the supernatural origin of epilepsy by writing: Another important proof that this disease is no more divine then any other lies in the fact that the phlegmatic are constitutionally liable for it while bilious escape. If its origin were divine, all types were be affected without this particular distinction. 6 The Hippocratic author of the The Sacred Disease made the revolutionary determination that epilepsy was a result of a brain disorder, and began his detailed theory on the origin of epilepsy by, â€Å" , the brain is the seat of this disease, as it is of many other very violent diseases. I shall explain clearly the manner in which it comes about and the reasons for it. †7 The author then includes what was know at the time regarding brain anatomy and physiology including a discussion of the neural membrane surrounding the brain, the fluid filled cavities, and blood supply, during which he made another innovative assertion that headaches are somehow related to the blood supply to the neural membranes. 7 The author also linked the natural origin of epilepsy to disruptions of the flow of of essential air through the blood vessels be the execration of excess phlegm by the brain. 8 For the author the root cause occurs before childbirth: Its [epilepsy] inception is even while the child is still within its mothers womb, for the brain is rid of undesirable matter and brought to full development, like the other parts, before birth if this â€Å"cleansing† doesnt not take place but the material is retained in the brain, a phlegmatic constitution is bound to result. This explanation of epilepsy was based on the Hippocratic understanding of Humorism in that the human body was filled with the four fluids of yellow bile, black bile, phlegm, and blood that are in balance when a person is healthy and diseases resulted from an excess or deficit of one of these four humors. The author explains how an excesses of phlegm causes the various symptoms of epilepsy: Should these routes for the passage of phlegm from the brain be blocked, the discharges enters the blood-vessels which I have described. This causes loss of voice, chocking, foaming at the mouth, clenching of the teeth, and convulsions movements of the hands; the eyes are fixed, the patient becomes unconscious and, in some cases passes stool. 9 The author defends and grounds his theory not only with the prevailing understanding of humoral medicine of ancient Greece but also in sound observations and logical deductions. The most complex example of this is the authors examination of epileptic goats and the relation to humans. The author describes his finds as: This observation results specially from the study of animals, particularly goats which are liable to this disease If you cut open the head you will find the brain is wet, full of fluid and foul-smelling, convincing proof that disease and not deity is harming the body. It is just the same with man, for when the malady becomes chronic it is incurable. The brain is dissolved by phlegm and liquifies; the melted substance thus formed turns to water 247 The author suggests how epilepsy is related to the weather and winds and may effect the severity or unset of epileptic due to changes of temperature and moisture. He also explains that winds from the South that often carried storm systems and moisture into Greece and the norther Mediterranean areas brought on the attacks and wrote,†Attacks are most likely when the wind is southerly†. He defends his position on the weather and winds contributing to the illness by writing: the human body is made to feel changes in the wind and undergo changes at that time, it follows that southerly winds relax the brain and make it flabby relaxing the blood vessels at the same time. 250 The author reenforces his argument later with: As the brain is the first organ in the body to perceive the consciousness derived from the air, if the seasons cause any violent change in the air, the brain undergoes its greatest variation. 51 The author of the Sacred Disease provides an example of how an ideal Hippocratic physician should approach the theory in medicine through natural philosophy, because each of his assertion are backed by real observation and logical deduction. The assertions that epilepsy is a disease or the brain, is heritability, and effected by the environmental conditions of the patient are revolutions in thought compared to the supernatural assumptions that came before and a fter Hippocratic medicine. The author of the sacred disease understood the complexity and huge limitations in treating a disorder of the brain such as epilepsy in his time when he states â€Å" diseases of the brain are the most acute, most serious and most fatal, and the hardest problem in diagnosis for the unskilled practitioner. † 251The author recommends no specific drugs or offers any quick cure for epilepsy. The author does offer general recommendations that are in tuned how an idealized Hippocratic physician should always attempt to do no harm in there treatment with the statement: In this disease as in all others, it should be your aim not to make the disease worse, but to wear it down by applying the remedies most hostile to the disease and those things to which it is unaccustomed. 250 The Hippocratic author also urges the treating physician to use his accumulated skill in recognizing the particular patient and their illness and design a regime of diet and life style to limit the advance of the disease or even cure it given enough skill of the practitioner. In this way the author provides an example of an idealized Hippocratic physician greatly skilled in his practiced by years of experience and careful observation of his patient can bring his patient back to health. The Hippocratic author of the Sacred Disease provided a case example of what an idealized Hippocratic physician should approach the theory and practice of the difficult disease of epilepsy. The author may be credited as being the first person to express that epilepsy was a disease caused naturally within the body and not as a result of superstition or Gods. The Hippocratic author recognized that epilepsy was a brain disorder, that it was heritable, and sensitive to the patients environment. For the treatment of epilepsy the author used the Hippocratic cannon of first doing no harm and using skilled practice with passive treatments aimed to restore balance and health. These revolutionary ideas were distilled into a full naturalistic theory and treatment of epilepsy defended by many years of observation and deduction and are exemplary of Galens idealized Hippocratic physician. G. E. R. Lloyd (ed. ), Hippocratic Writings (London: Penguin Books, 1983). ISBN 0140444513

Gypsies in the Holocaust - Forgotten Victims

Gypsies in the Holocaust - Forgotten Victims The Gypsies of Europe were registered, sterilized, ghettoized, and then deported to concentration and death camps by the Nazis before and during World War II. Approximately 250,000 to 500,000 Gypsies were murdered during the Holocaust- an event they call the Porajmos (the Devouring.) A Short History Approximately a thousand years ago, several groups of people migrated from northern India, dispersing throughout Europe over the next several centuries. Though these people were part of several tribes (the largest of which are the Sinti and Roma), the settled peoples called them by a collective name, Gypsies- which stems from the one-time belief that they had come from Egypt. Nomadic, dark-skinned, non-Christian, speaking a foreign language (Romani), not tied to the land- Gypsies were very different from the settled peoples of Europe. Misunderstandings of Gypsy culture created suspicions and fears, which in turn led to rampant speculation, stereotypes, and biased stories. Many of these stereotypes and stories are still readily believed. Throughout the following centuries, non-Gypsies (Gaje) continually tried to either assimilate Gypsies or kill them. Attempts to assimilate Gypsies involved stealing their children and placing them with other families; giving them cattle and feed, expecting them to become farmers; outlawing their customs, language, and clothing as well as forcing them to attend school and church. Decrees, laws, and mandates often allowed the killing of Gypsies. In 1725 King Frederick William I of Prussia ordered all Gypsies over 18 years old to be hanged. A practice of Gypsy hunting was common- a game hunt similar to fox hunting. Even as late as 1835, a Gypsy hunt in Jutland (Denmark) brought in a bag of over 260 men, women, and children, write Donald Kenrick and Grattan Puxon. Though Gypsies had undergone centuries of such persecution, it remained relatively random and sporadic until the 20th century when the negative stereotypes became intrinsically molded into a racial identity, and the Gypsies were systematically slaughtered. Under the Third Reich The persecution of Gypsies started at the very beginning of the Third Reich. Gypsies were arrested and interned in concentration camps as well as sterilized under the July 1933 Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring. In the beginning, Gypsies were not specifically named as a group that threatened the Aryan, German people. This was because, under Nazi racial ideology, Gypsies were Aryans. The Nazis had a problem: How could they persecute a group enveloped in negative stereotypes but supposedly part of the Aryan super race? Nazi racial researchers eventually came upon a so-called scientific reason to persecute most of the Gypsies. They found their answer in Professor Hans F. K. Gà ¼nthers book Rassenkunde Europas (Anthropology of Europe) where he wrote: The Gypsies have indeed retained some elements from their Nordic home, but they are descended from the lowest classes of the population in that region. In the course of their migrations, they have absorbed the blood of the surrounding peoples, and have thus become an Oriental, western-Asiatic racial mixture, with an addition of Indian, mid-Asiatic, and European strains. Their nomadic mode of living is a result of this mixture. The Gypsies will generally affect Europe as aliens. With this belief, the Nazis needed to determine who was pure Gypsy and who was mixed. Thus, in 1936, the Nazis established the Racial Hygiene and Population Biology Research Unit, with Dr. Robert Ritter at its head, to study the Gypsy problem and to make recommendations for Nazi policy. As with the Jews, the Nazis needed to determine who was to be considered a Gypsy. Dr. Ritter decided that someone could be considered a Gypsy if they had one or two Gypsies among his grandparents or if two or more of his grandparents are part-Gypsies. Kenrick and Puxon blame Dr. Ritter for the additional 18,000 German Gypsies who were killed because of this more inclusive designation, rather than if the same rules had been followed as were applied to Jews, who had have three or four Jewish grandparents to be considered Jews. To study Gypsies, Dr. Ritter, his assistant Eva Justin, and his research team visited the Gypsy concentration camps (Zigeunerlagers) and examined thousands of Gypsies- documenting, registering, interviewing, photographing, and finally categorizing them. It was from this research that Dr. Ritter formulated that 90% of Gypsies were of mixed blood, thus dangerous. Having established a scientific reason to persecute 90% of the Gypsies, the Nazis needed to decide what to do with the other 10%- the ones who were nomadic and appeared to have the least number of Aryan qualities. At times Interior Minister Heinrich  Himmler discussed letting the pure Gypsies roam relatively freely and also suggested a special reservation for them. Assumably as part of one of these possibilities, nine Gypsy representatives were selected in October 1942 and told to create lists of Sinti and Lalleri to be saved. There must have been confusion within the Nazi leadership. Many wanted all Gypsies killed, with no exceptions. On December 3, 1942,  Martin Bormann  wrote in a letter to Himmler: ... special treatment would mean a fundamental deviation from the simultaneous measures for fighting the Gypsy menace and would not be understood at all by the population and lower leaders of the party. Also the Fà ¼hrer would not agree to giving one section of the Gypsies their old freedom. Though the Nazis did not discover a scientific reason to kill the 10% of Gypsies categorized as pure, no distinctions made when Gypsies were ordered to  Auschwitz  or deported to the other death camps. By the end of the war, an estimated 250,000 to 500,000 Gypsies were murdered in the Porajmos- killing approximately three-fourths of the German Gypsies and half of the Austrian Gypsies. For an overview of all that happened to the Gypsies during the Third Reich, there is a  timeline  to help outline the process from Aryan to annihilation. Sources Friedman, Philip. The Extermination of the Gypsies: Nazi Genocide of an Aryan People.  Roads to Extinction: Essays on the Holocaust, Ed. Ada June Friedman. Jewish Publication Society of America, 1980, New York.ï » ¿Kenrick, Donald and Puxon, Grattan.  The Destiny of Europes Gypsies. Basic Books, 1972, New York.

British Industrial Revolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

British Industrial Revolution - Essay Example This argument forms the basis of my thesis that resources and geographical endowments led to the industrial revolution in Britain. The geographical location of Britain provided an advantage to Britain in the race for industrialization. Farming resulting from the domestication of animals started in Britain, and this led to the agricultural revolution. In fact, agriculture in the rest of the world began many years after Britain had tried her hand at farming. It is this agricultural revolution that brought about growth. Nevertheless, it is not all obvious that growth and markets get you an industrial revolution. Industrial revolution was something diverse that generally involved, immense increases in energy use per capita. The extensive deposits of coal provided sufficient fuel for use in factories as well as in the generation of electricity. Moreover, Britain had certain institutional and other kinds of arrangements that facilitated the industrial revolution. However, they werent sufficient without some different things, like the location of huge coal deposits (Laichas, 2007). Iron was also in plenty and utilized for agricultural tools, chains, nails, horse stirrups, bolts sickles, locks and anchors (Laichaz, 2007). The relatively small size of Britain made transportation of these minerals, quick and reasonably cheap. The need to pump water out of these coal mines led to the invention of the steam engine. The same steam engines were later used in cotton mills with their efficiency improved. The cultural strengths of Britain as evidenced in the technological innovations also made it an ideal place for industrialization to thrive. Engineering and machine tools were invented now and then and complimented the human labor that was in force. In 1764, James Hargreaves invention of the Spinning Jenny ensured that yarn could be produced in greater quantities. The power loom and the steam engine further revolutionized the cotton

Proof reading Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Proof reading - Essay Example This is achieved by removing the device-specific hardware dependencies, which were previously part of almost any software development effort. Moreover, DirectX performance capabilities are similar or equal to those provided in DOS but allows hardware to be fully utilized. Multi-agent systems deal with the construction of complex systems involving multiple agents and their coordination. A multi-agent system (MAS) is a distributed computing system with autonomous interacting intelligent agents that coordinate their actions so as to achieve its goal(s) jointly or competitively. Agent technologies are now being applied to the development of large-scale commercial and industrial software systems. Such systems are complex, involving hundreds, perhaps thousands of agents and there is a pressing need for system modeling techniques that permit their complexity to be effectively managed, along with principled methodologies to guide the process of system design. Without adequate techniques to support the design process, such systems will not be sufficiently reliable, maintainable or extensible, will be difficult to comprehend, and their elements will not be re-usable. Kinetics calls into play a large number of concepts that are new to AI, for example, corporation, coordination and satisfaction. The difference between AI and kinetics is that with AI it is the individual that is intelligent, whereas with kinetics it is the organization that displays functionalities that can be characterized as intelligent. The main goal of the distributed system is the carrying out of tasks by making the best use of physically distributed resources (for example, memory, processor, data managers). On the other hand, the system of kinetics is much more open. The multi-agent system takes an overview and summary of the problem of interaction between individual entities, considering the distributed system as being merely one possible

The crisis of masculinity

The crisis of masculinity INTRODUCTION My dissertation is concerned with the male hegemony of Hollywood cinema. I will consider briefly the representation of the female but only to support the discussion of male hegemony in regards to spectatorship and representation of the male. I will limit my argument to the â€Å"post feminist† period (post 1970s) because this cinema era is extremely significant as it demonstrates a fundamental change in the representation of the male. I have decided to concentrate on the representation of the male because the discussion of female representation, although not investigated in its entirety, is generally more prevalent. I have chosen to analyze two key films that had major success in the year 1999. I have specifically chosen these films as not only do they reenact a threshold point in societys perception, but both deal heavily with the theme of modern day masculinity. The two different approaches from very different directors- David Fincher, The director of Fight club has a lengthy history of â€Å"mainstream† work whereas Paul Thomas Andersons work history is more â€Å"alternative†. I will argue that in its structure Fight club is highly synonymous with Hollywood in terms of character placement.(male protagonist, passive female). I will look at how Magnolia is more discoursive/melodramatic focusing on coming from a â€Å"female† perspective. I will look at the main characters in each of the films and discuss how both films approach the key aspects of masculinity: Paternity the Phallus. The similar concerns and contrasting nature of the films thus conclude that they serve as great examples for discussion. The dissertation will consider film theory and psycho-analysis however I would like to relate those to cinematic textual systems a term used by to describe mise en scene elements, editing and other cinematic manipulation of the frame for the spectator. Talk about how perspective and cinematography are interlinked, cinematography being vital to â€Å"the gaze†. â€Å"To theorize the gaze is to engage in cinematic textual systems (diegesis, montage, mise-en-scene, intertextuality etc) and the act of viewing, as well as the competing, dynamic and heterogeneous processes involved between the two†. Pg 6 (a) WHY CINEMATOGRAPHY IS IMPORTANT TO DISCUSS. Once we have investigated on a functional level how cinema manipulates the viewers gaze only then can we move forward and expand on this? The very existence of cinema relies on box office profits; cinema conveys the reality of the desire of the spectator, but also notably produces films that display the unconscious fears of the societies that produced them. This is an argument I will discuss at more length in the first chapter. CHAPTERS: Phallocentric perspective/cinematography I will start by engaging with the philosophy which forms the basis of the dissertation. I will also justify the inclusion of cinematography as a valid point in my dissertation by clarifying its relationship with film theory and psychoanalysis. â€Å"Were Designed to be hunters and were in a society of shoppers† Tyler Durder (Fight Club) In the second chapter I will put my discussion in context, explaining briefly the importance of the cinema of this era. â€Å"Fight Club†: I will discuss why I chose the two films I did The two different approaches directors- coming from very different background fightclub is aimed at mainstream whilst magnolia comes from an alternative viewpoint. I will argue that in its structure Fight club is highly synonymous with Hollywood in terms of character placement.(male protagonist, passive neurotic female) â€Å"Magnolia†: I will look at the key characters of the film and analyse how they demonstrate a crisis of masculinity. I will examine the look at how Paul Andersons Magnolia manages to subvert the male hegemony of mainstream films and acts as a critique of the Hollywood cinematic address. PHALLOCENTRIC PERPSEPCTIVE: â€Å"The spectator constructed by the text is taken to be male-regardless of the ‘actual gender of the viewer. He is taken to look through the eyes of the male hero on screen at the on-screen female, so that the viewer in the auditorium can fantasize the pleasure of dominating and possessing her, and thus enjoy the visual pleasure of ‘masculine conquest†. Kenneth Mackinnon Whatever the route of the gaze, the result is the same. She is objectified. And the female object confirms that the male is the proper and sole subject.† (b) pg 126 Since Hollywoods conception the films produced have taken to rather formulaic, standardized conventions to accrue predicted success at the box office. These are seen in its cinematic style, and narrative form. As a result Hollywood has become extremely skilled at satisfying the spectator through manipulation of its address. male hegemony At the beginning of cinema for example, spectators desired to see more and so became the standardization of erotic display to satisfy the spectator interest in voyeurism. Thus this Hollywood address gives us a spectacular insight into the unconscious fears and desires of society. If we look at one particular example â€Å"Metropolis† (1927) Directed by Fritz Lang, this film featured a destructive and powerful female robot. Notably this film came at a time when society had to deal with the increased mechanization, loss of jobs in industries resulted in a perceived loss of male control and power. â€Å"Metropolis† represented the destruction of masculine dominance over science and nature, represented as a female android, the ultimate opposite. The more information gathered by the development in film theory and psychoanalysis the further we can investigate into understanding the reality of the relationship between spectator and cinema and can move forward from male hegemony into creating an alternative cinema one in which both sexes are represented fairly. this can be shown through the deigesis, mise en scene, etc etc. In Laura Mulveys essay â€Å"Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema†, she discusses the passive role that women have played in cinema arguing that this passive role supports the male hegemony by encouraging visual pleasure. This visual pleasure is formed by Mulvey identifies three â€Å"looks† or perspectives that occur in film which serve to sexually objectify women. The first is the perspective of the male character on screen and how he perceives the female character. The second is the perspective of the spectator as they see the female character on screen. The third â€Å"look† joins the first two looks together: it is the male audience members perspective of the male character in the film. This third perspective allows the male audience to take the female character as his own personal sex object because he can relate himself, through looking, to the male character in the film. Female body representation has always involved some degree of eroticism fragment a womens body into various body parts. A good example of how editing shot composition and framing can be seen in Martin Scorseses Raging Bull. The main character Jake La Motta becomes entranced by the physical beauty of - by the side of the pool. By the sequence of close ups we are placed into the mental position of Jake to reduce - to a mere object to be gawped at. Here we literally see the â€Å"looks† as Mulvey referred to them shown through the shot juxtapositioning. Although one could argue this section was designed to illuminate us of Jakes disturbed mentality, thus serves as an extreme example; however we do see these looks perpetrating mainstream Hollywood throughout the generations since its beginnings. However self conscious and ironic Hollywood manages to be, it always restricts itself to a formal mise en scene reflecting the dominant ideological concept of the cinema. The alternative cinema provides a space for the birth of cinema which is radical in a both a political sense and an aesthetic sense and thus challenges the basic assumptions of the mainstream film Thus cinematography holds the key to the buried attitudes of gender. The cinema is an epic form that utilizes dramatic elements; this is determined by the technologies of the camera and editing. Even in a spatially and temporally continuous scene (mimicking the theatrical situation, as it were), the camera chooses where to look for us. In a similar way, editing causes us to jump from one place (and time sometimes) to another, whether it be somewhere else in the room, or across town. This jump is a form of narration; it is as if a narrator whispers to us: â€Å"meanwhile, on the other side of the forest†. â€Å"One of the key pleasures cinema allows is identification. The spectator will almost always identify with the character whose look authorizes the point of view shot.† pg 94 Hedges,Inez Vertigo is a prime example whereby everything is seen from the perspective of the main male protagonist, the audience follow his erotic obsession and subsequent despair precisely from his point of view. However the spectator is caught in moral ambiguity toward the latter part of the film as the film reveals the illicit nature of the voyeurism. â€Å"Were Designed to be hunters and were in a society of shoppers† -Tyler Durden â€Å"These violent white male icons grew at a time when working class white males had to contend with increasing economic instability and dislocation, the perception of gains by people of colour at the expense of the white working class and a womens movement that overtly challenged the male hegemony. One way the system allows working clases (of various races) the opportunity for masculine identity validation is through the use of their body as an instrument of power dominance and control.. The threat that women posed as a result of their increased economic independence, destabilizes gender realtions and upsets male identity†. Spectacle of the Male WHAT WAS GOING ON AT THE TIME? Working Class Males had less access to more abstract forms of masculinity validating power (economic power, workplace authority) Fightclub protagonist has loss of authority, in the end he reaffirms his masculinity through physical acts of violence. Susan Faludi went one step further, arguing that films of the 1980s such as Fatal Attraction (1987) and Baby Boom (1987) were part of a wider backlash against womens liberation and womens careers.Yearning for reinstatement of the nuclear family, American Beauty protagonist yearns for realignment of patriarchal structure as does Gaz in full monty his desire to recover his role as breadwinner so that he can reclaim his son from his ex wife. FIGHT CLUB â€Å"It touched a nerve in the male psyche that was debated in newspapers across the world.† The Times MARLA: â€Å"Could be worse, a woman could cut off your penis† Tyler Durden Marla introduces/is the conflict. Neurotic marla is a sexualized woman/object (her flat dildo etc) placed into whore category. she disturbs the house causes cracks in walls leaks, etc. â€Å"What counts is what the heroine provokes or rather what she represents. She is the one or rather the love or fear she inspires in the hero, or else the concern he feels for her, who makes him act the way he does. In herself the woman has not the slightest importance† Budd Boetticher TYLER: Tyler and his impulsive nature, represents the Freudian philosophy of the Id. The id is responsible for our basic drives such as food, water, sex and basic impulses. EXPAND Always has his chest on show like the iconic images of the 1980s heroic action movies. The body is shown to acquire battle scars which removes any erotism which may induce the female gaze need to explain.. used as a tool of power to redeem authority. This is the physical manifestation of the ironic rejection of the â€Å"heroes† of the action films of the previous years. He is in control, has the power over Marla and makes the decisions, drives the narrative. PATERNITY: â€Å"Were a generation of men raised by women† Tyler Durden Paternity discussed in the bathroom between the two, father abandoned him EXPAND THE PHALLUS: First introduced to violent action gun in his mouth then to the softer image of sign saying â€Å"Were still men† Bob has larger breasts feminized. The genitals are particularly present in this film from Tyler showing the graphic images of full frontal male nudity of the penis to taking away the statesmens balls thus demasculating him. Balls stand for Male Power the ability to reproduce Testicular cancer meetings also. Dildo in Marlas bedroom representing the fake male the fake man, the substitution of the real penis with a fake one reveals inferiority complex no need for the real man in the modern world. CINEMATOGRAPHY: Primarily the narrative of the film Fight Club is wholly centered on the male our protagonist Jack. We are encouraged as the spectator to emphasize with him, he navigates the shots in the Voice over the use of the word â€Å" we† is used to encourage identification from the spectator. Is there a problem with identification in this film because the spectator identifies with the protagonist Jack who turns out to be Tyler also so when Jack finds out he is Tyler not only do we experience the same surprise as him, the spectator is left feeling removed from identification? Misplaced just as man does in society? The creation of a microcosm in the house new world order fascism back to being real men, almost militarian (thats what they associate with manhood). Use of colour, lighting difference between the house and the flat, how Brad is framed with his chest exposed showing his muscular torso to portray the idealized man Jack wants to be. The decaying house, large empty insde and out (as its on an industrial estate) builds up a representation of the inner vacousness of the protagonist. MAGNOLIA Paul Thomas Andersons LA ensemble film â€Å"Magnolia† disrupts the classic Oedipal patterning common to many mainstream films. The film repeatedly enacts a pronounced degree of male failure and what amounts to an indictment of the system of father rule The men of Magnolia are to some extent all feminized by circumstance or choice: Earl, dying, is in need of care; Phil is a compassionate male nurse; Donnie is gay and wants to give love; Jimmy, because of his illness, is dependent; and Jim is a nurturing representative of the law who loses first his baton and then his gun, the phallic signifier par excellence. Even Frank Mackey, who has closed down his internal feminine, is again a caretaker by the films end. The most recalcitrant male is Stanleys father, Rick. He suggests a barely controlled violence, throwing a chair through the television as Stanley refuses to compete. A crisis in masculinity and male paradigms of power and behavior is posed. Clearly, the film is scrutinizing how to be a man and live as a man in culture. FRANK: This notion is foregrounded by Franks â€Å"Seduce and Destroy† infomercials, which appear during different segments of the film, and his performance of masculinity for the internal diegetic male audience. The excess of language, gestures, and emotion here enact male hysteria. A wielding of language that speaks as a means to recapture and reanimate male power, it suggests a masculinity reasserting itself at the expense of women. Franks misogyny and anger toward women come to seem a projection, a denial of the self-loathing and father-loss that resulted in his becoming his mothers caretaker as she succumbed to cancer. Women seem to be a smokescreen for his pain, something he can latch on to and feed his sense of rage. Frank, played by Cruise at his best in his usual angry young man mode, is aptly named as the teacher of ostensible truth, power and control who with arms nailed to an unseen cross is projected as an illuminated (Lucifer) savior. His crucified humanity, now a loaded shell, a persona with rigid firm ego boundaries of patent masculinity, launches a provocative assault, laced with inexplicable resentment, against Woman. His assumed control and power over his own vulnerability (fear of his undeveloped feminine component generalized as woman) results paradoxically from the rejection by and loss of his father followed by the incessant care of his slowly dying mother whom he was unable to save. PATERNITY: Stanley Spector to his father: â€Å"You need to start being nicer to me† His all-encompassing impotent rage is projected along with his need to control the symbolic Woman who constitutes the loss of his childhood and manhood. Like a fatherless boy of the ghetto, he shuns the excessive identification and nauseating closeness associated with his mother and her powerless circumstance. To acquire her world would only confirm his loss and her power to destroy. To him she only means burden and loss of freedom; thus he abuses Woman in order to maintain control and detachment. Moreover, his loss of masculinity resulting from the inability to control the inevitable suffering and eventual death of his mother lead him to create and identify with what he lacks, a powerful male image. His artificial self-acquired mastery over himself results tragically from lack of opposition since he cannot win the badge of manhood by defeating a foe who is missing or a cause that is inexplicable. The grateful male crowd (representing the incomplete male) is willing to pay Frank to attain his techniques to compensate for its loss and to overcome its incompleteness through the power of maintaining distance and control. But Frank paradoxically eventually finds redemption in what he denied, in the traditional female manner of acquiring power, through interaction with the Other. Frank, the rejected son finally confronts his dying father who is now unable to reply, apologize and expiate his guilt. Without the articulation and acceptance of his fathers sin, Frank cannot forgive or overcome the unknown one, he can only endure his memory. The cathartic release of his tormented repressed anger and simultaneous conflicted fear of another loss of and desire for his missing father is gripping. He faces uncertainty but his acceptance of his past and his anguished self, the veil of his repression and denial of his history is lifted and results in the loosening of his current defences and hi s false self. The painful return from/to his original position confirms that rebirth is painful. He can now join the family of man. The initially compliant game show kid (J. Blackman) alters his condition of bondage by sacrificing the moment of glory by a paradoxical (anorexial) attempt to avoid the game by controlling his body until he loses bladder control. When he realizes that adherence to arbitrary debilitating rules crushes creativity and freedom, he loses his ambition to succeed conventionally by a symbolic Freudian urethral discharge. Both the game and his body are beyond his control. He confronts his parasitic father as an incomplete child (no mother), asking to be treated anew with respect without having to constantly sacrifice himself to earn the love of his father. THE PHALLUS The cop who shows an interest in her, needs no change, only completion by another, but he too demonstrates his universal deficiency by losing the badge of his profession, his gun. This loss of power is later recovered from the sky god and magically saves a life. His stability rests on his identification with the law which he chooses to interpret selectively as a wise judge with the power to render mercy CINEMATOGRAPHY: Magnolia constructs the place of the female subject differently for the process of identification with the spectator. This is done by.. Magnolia systematically rejects mainstream films signifying system. As Fiske notes, soap opera suggests the workings of a feminine aesthetic and thereby posits the audience as female (180). Magnolia subverts the classic masculine gaze and audience address usually associated with film. The masochistic position from which we watch Magnolia is inscribed by the excessive music and by the competition of the musical discourse and the dialogue. This is doubly inscribed, as it were, because it speaks to the condition of the character as opposed to working in counterpoint to the image. For example, â€Å"One† (â€Å"is the loneliest number †) plays while introducing these lonely characters; over a close-up of the victimized and addicted Claudia, we hear â€Å"Save Me† (â€Å"You look like a girl who could use a tourniquet †). Soap operas exemplify such â€Å"double-voiced discourses† in which dominant cultural forms allow women participation (Fiske 192). The predominant use of close-ups and extreme close-ups throughout the film also expresses this excess. â€Å"There are two dramatic points of depature for melodrama. One is coloured by a female protagonists viewpoint which provides a focus for identification. The other examines the family and between the sexes and generations; here, although women play an important part, their point of view is not always analysed and does not initiate the drama† pg 42 Mulvey.L Marcie, the unruly black woman at the edges of the text, shouts what appear to be empty threats, but the danger she evokes is soon realized. The canted camera angles and frenzy of the editing, in addition to her shouting, foreground the level of disorder she represents. Handcuffed to a sofa, she continues to be verbally abusive as Jim investigates. Pulling the sofa from room to room, she becomes comic relief even as her powerful frame suggests a formidable adversary. Jim seems barely a match for Marcie, despite her containment. Jim: â€Å"MARCIE! DO NOT DRAG THAT COUCH ANY FURTHER!† (Anderson 29). Coded as marginal, Marcie wreaks havoc on the established order to which she is subject but in which she has no place, except as the â€Å"return of the repressed.† Jim finds a dead man in her closet. As a black woman existing on the social margins, she is an enigma that Jim and the film refuse to solve. In terms of sex, too, Magnolia exposes the system of male hegemony and power. In most soap operas, the condition of women living under patriarchy is examined to promote a reading that women identify as corresponding to their own reality, which leads to tears. Doane refers to these melodramatic texts as activating the â€Å"tropes of femininity† (183): waiting, watching and self-sacrifice. Through Jimmy and Earl, marriage as a system is also undermined. Not only is Jimmy adulterous, alcoholic, womanizing, and guilty of incest, he has astonishing contempt for his wife. In one of the films most powerful scenes, Rose learns the truth about her marriage, but it is also clear that she has known. Her performance of the dutiful wife, right up to the end, motivates Jimmys contempt. Rose can only face Jimmys molestation of Claudia when her husband breaks with the veneer of mutual respect and love on which their marriage is based. The only women with power in Magnolia are the black women, and when we are with them we are sutured to the position of two of the films key white male characters, Frank and Jim. That we identify with these women anyway, and with their threat to Frank and Jim, speaks to Magnolias feminine positioning of the viewer.† (a) â€Å"Magnolia displaces film narrative to television text and shifts from the normative masculine viewing position to a feminine one. Magnolia is symptomatic of a crisis in masculinity and interrogates cultural texts such as cop shows, quiz shows, and infomercials. Magnolia is a subversive cultural product, an indictment of paradigms of male hegemony and power, and a critique of the media systems of film and television. The films privileging of the soundtrack is unusual. Paul Thomas Anderson conceives the film in relation to one of Aimee Manns songs and envisions her voice as â€Å"another character† in the film (Anderson 204). Her voice does indeed constitute another character to such an extent that at times it upsets the normative hierarchy of discourses that mainstream films espouse. The use of such a counternarrative strategy and the predominance of a strong female voice working against and at times doubling the text also point to Magnolias challenge to the â€Å"male† textual film system and more traditionally â€Å"masculine† narratives. Manns voice is like a commentary on the action, pulling us in to watch the film from a female viewing position. BIBLIOGRAPHY Dillman, Joanne Clark â€Å"Magnolia†: Masquerading as Soap Opera, Journal of Popular Film and Television 33 no3 142-50 Fall 2005 Dines, Gail: Gender, Race and Class in the media Brod,H. (Ed) (1987) The making of masculinities Various, â€Å"The trouble with men: Masculinities in europeon and Hollywood cinema.† Fuery,Patrick (2000) New Developments In Film Theory- Palgrave, New York, â€Å"Male Spectatorship and the Hollywood Love Story†: Mackinnon, Kenneth. Journal of Gender Studies, Vol. 12, No. 2, 2003, Carfax Publishing Classical Hollywood Cinema : Film Style Mode of Production to 1960 Bordwell, David.; Staiger, Janet.; Thompson, Kristin Publication: London Taylor Francis Routledge, 1988. FILMOGRAPHY Fight Club () Dir: David Fincher Magnolia (1999) Paul Thomas Anderson Rocky ( 198 200 ) Thelma and Louise (1991)Dir: Ridley Scott

The City and Its Workers

Chapter 19 The city and its workers (1870-1900) Jump Start: March 14, 2011 As the 19th century closes and the 20th century begins, different technologies help spur the many changes taking place. What symbolism can we take from the construction of the Brooklyn Bridge? It is a marker of time periods (separates this time period from that time period) March 16,2011Why did some immigrant groups decide to stay in the United States after arriving, while other groups only stayed long enough to make some money? March 17, 2011 What were Jim Crow Laws? Give an example of how they were applied. March 18, 2011 Who was Jacob Riis? What did he produce? Why was it important? March 21,2011 Explain the new emerging class systems, which were based upon occupation. White collar blue collar- largely unskilled( jobs require more physical than intellectual) United states emerged as a major industrial power by the end of the 19th century * Large scale immigration, urbanization, and technological innovation help out great promise for future, even as these dramatic changes led to social dislocation, urban squalor, labor strife, and death. * Constructed between 1869-1883, the Brooklyn bridge stood as a testament to the wonders and horrors of America at the close of the nineteenth and opening of the twentieth century * Its construction cost the lives of wenty men and it was considered both a work of art and an engineering marvel upon completion The rise of the city * By the end of the nineteenth century, the emergence of the modern city represented the most dramatic demographic development in the united states * From New york to Chicago to Los Angeles, cities exploded in size, fed in part by the rapid pace of global migrations, especially from southern and eastern Europe * BEFORE 1880 immigrants came from the northern and western Europe * AFTER 1880 immigrants came from southern and eastern Europe.Racism and the cry for Immigration Restriction * Workers often found themselves pitted again st one another, with ethnic rivalry dividing the skilled northern European workers and the unskilled southern and eastern European workers. * Even among educated people of the nineteenth century, the ethnic and religious differences of immigrants were perceived as racial characteristics. * The idea of social Darwinism further supported â€Å"white† society’s claim to racial superiority. African Americans in the North African Americans began their migration north in search of equality * In an effort to leave behind the segregation and Jim Crow Laws of the south, they found jobs on the bottoms rung of the occupational ladder. Asian Americans * Asians= scapegoats of the changing economy A new king of racism * Many Americans saw newcomers as impossible to assimilate * Trade Unions and old-stock aristocrats criticized America’s Immigration policies * A literacy test for new European immigrants passed through Congress but was vetoed by President Grover Cleveland.Jacob Riis * His How the Other Half Lives (1890) graphically showed the poverty of the ghettos * The nouveaux riches (new rich) provided the grandeur and splendor of the age with their magnificent mansions and ostentatious costume parties. * With 1% of the populations owning more than half of the property in America. Plessy v. Fergoson -Separate but equal is ok Brown v. Board of education Topeka, Kansas * Separate but equal is unconstitutional With industrialization and urbanization came both great poverty and great wealth within the cities. * In the outer circles of the cites, people had more money, lived in single family homes, and commuted to work on streetcars. What types of workers were there? * Workers in American industry in the late nineteenth century worked in a variety of settings , ranging from: * Skilled occupations in factories * Piecework that was contracted within the home * construction White-collar office work. * Backbone of the American labor force were the common labor ers. * These â€Å"human machines† stood at the bottom of the country’s economic ladder and generally am recent groups * At the opposite end of the labor spectrum were skilled craftsmen * Employers attempted to end the control that skilled works had ove their. work by bearjng slmalled oarts andtrokcadin the skiled workers with the unskilled * Women typically earned less money than their male counterparts, many oung worjubg men sought hear in dance halls, social clubs, and amusement park after exhausting. America’s diverse workers * Although such efficiencies meant that a greater variety of goods at lower * Boys who lived in the cites some as young as 6 years old, plied their trades as bootblacks and newsboys; Many of the boys were homeless, orphaned or cast off by their families The family economy : women and children * In new york city, the children’s aid societiey tried to better the situation of these, the city’s youngest works=er

Critical Analysis of a Journal Article Essay

The study of Oncology concerns most and every citizens. Oncology is the study of anything about the nature, medication, and strategic methods in understanding and treating cancer (Kaminsky, 2009). Based on the information provided in the two articles, Oncology was the main focus of the authors. The authors discussed two distinct strategies in dealing with treating the cancer patients. However, I found Takimoto’s (2008) article more convincing than the other article written by Bertino et. al. (2007). To start with, the article by that of Takimoto discusses the proposed method of phase 0 clinical trials to human and animal testing in attempt of the doctors and clinicians to find a cure against cancer. Also, in the article, several advantages of using the clinical trials are imparted like: the reduction of time, and minimal cost of injury or any other harm to both human and animals. Therefore, I agree that phase 0 clinical trials should be performed. In the article innovation was emphasized and linked to the development of products (medicines) through creative manipulating of the dosages that the sample animals or humans, as participants of the trials should receive. Moreover, it was preconceived my many that several dosage could make a patient weak or worse. Thus, it is important among clinicians to define how the dosage should be executed and when shall it stop (Takimoto, 2009). References Bertino, J. , & Greenberg, H. J. (2007). College of clinical pharmacology position statement on the use of microdosing in the drug development process. The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 47,418-419. Retrieved January 28, 2009 from the Medline database. Kaminsky, A. (2009). What is oncology? Retrieved January 31, 2009 from http://www. wisegeek. com/what-is-oncology. htm Takimoto, C. (2009). Phase 0 Clinical trials in oncology: A paradigm shift for early drug development? Cancer Chemotherapy Pharmacology, 63,703-709. Retrieved January 28,2009 from http://www. SpringerLink. com